Tag: Constitutional

  • [Solved] List the duties typically associated with the operations division.

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    [>Criminal homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/law-criminal) **List the duties typically associated with the operations division. How is each division critical to police operations?** – [\ \ Cox4e_PPT_03.pdf](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/cox4e-ppt-03-pdf "Cox4e_PPT_03.pdf") – 2 …

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    [>Criminal homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/law-criminal)

    **List the duties typically associated with the operations division. How is each division critical to police operations?**

    – [\
    \
    Cox4e_PPT_03.pdf](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/cox4e-ppt-03-pdf "Cox4e_PPT_03.pdf")

    – 2 years ago

  • [Solved] Discussion

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    [>Criminal homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/law-criminal) How much of contemporary American criminal justice policy (that is, the direction, proirity, and details of how governments deal with crime) should be based on public opinion? Does the public have a right to demand changes in …

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    [>Criminal homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/law-criminal)

    How much of contemporary American criminal justice policy (that is, the direction, proirity, and details of how governments deal with crime) should be based on public opinion? Does the public have a right to demand changes in criminal justice policy? Why or why not? What are the hazards or trade-offs in such a system?

    – 2 years ago

  • [Solved] Community Policing/Procedural Justice Mod 1

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    6 total paragraphs reflecting opinions on ideas and 2 chart submission Plagiarism and Turnitin required – 2 years ago

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    6 total paragraphs reflecting opinions on ideas and 2 chart submission

    Plagiarism and Turnitin required

    – 2 years ago

  • [Solved] DB Replies

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    [>Criminal homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/law-criminal) See attached for replies and instructions. – 2 years ago **files (3)** – ## DiscussionAssignmentInstructions6.docx – ## BrookeWilson.docx – ## CleberCordeiro.docx **## DiscussionAssignmentInstructions6.docx** CJUS 400 **Discus…

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    [>Criminal homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/law-criminal)

    See attached for replies and instructions.

    – 2 years ago

    **files (3)**

    – ## DiscussionAssignmentInstructions6.docx

    – ## BrookeWilson.docx

    – ## CleberCordeiro.docx

    **## DiscussionAssignmentInstructions6.docx**

    CJUS 400

    **Discussion Assignment Instructions**

    The student will complete 4 Discussions in this course. The student will post one thread of 300 – 500 words by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday day of the assigned Module: Week. The student must then post 2 replies of at least 150 – 250 words by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Monday of the assigned Module: Week. For each thread, students must support their assertions with at least 1 scholarly citations in current APA format and quote 1 Scripture in support of the thread. Each reply must incorporate at least 1 scholarly citation in current APA format. Any sources cited must have been published within the last five years. Acceptable sources include scholarly journals (not the textbook but should include the Bible, etc.).

    This course utilizes the Post-First feature in all Discussions. This means you will only be able to read and interact with your classmates’ threads after you have submitted your thread in response to the provided prompt.

    **## BrookeWilson.docx**

    Brooke Wilson

    1. According to the Legal Information Institute, criminal law is “a system of laws concerned with crimes and the punishment of individuals who commit crimes” (LII, 2024). In my opinion, the answer to what the goal and purpose of criminal law is to simply keep everyone in society safe by establishing order and control, as well as punishing those who commit crimes. Crime in the United States is an important issue, even if the crime rate is decreasing. While it may be easy for people to judge those who commit crimes, I feel that as Christians we have a responsibility to God and to ourselves to show compassion and help them learn from potential mistakes to an extent. From a Biblical perspective, criminal law should focus on things like being truthful, fair punishment for crimes committed, and allowing forgiveness. For example, 2 Timothy 3:16-17 states, “All scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness, that the man of God may be complete, equipped for every good work” (Bible Gateway, 2025).

    2. I feel as if my personal beliefs of what the goals and purpose of criminal law are align with the actual goals and purpose of criminal law. According to Gardner and Anderson from our textbook, “People in all societies have the inherent right to protect their society and those living in that society from acts that threaten either the society or the people” (Gardner & Anderson, 2016). The criminal justice system appears to have the goals to ensure the safety of individuals by seeking out appropriate punishments for those who commit crimes.

    3. In terms of restorative justice, it could be beneficial for both the wrong-doer and the people affected by the wrong-doer. It should provide a chance for both parties to heal from the crime that happened. The person who committed the crime should be offered the help (if proven necessary) and given a fair punishment depending on the crime. Similarly, those affected by the crime should be able to seek justice through an appropriate punishment for the individual that caused them harm. In relation to scripture, the Bible provides the reasoning for restorative justice is to offer forgiveness and reconciliation just as God said. In times like today, the goal of restorative justice is to help each party move forward by achieving accountability, forgiveness, and healing (Park University, 2024).

    **## CleberCordeiro.docx**

    4

    Cleber Cordeiro

    In my opinion, the primary goals of criminal law should align with biblical principles of justice, fairness, and restoration. Criminal law exists to protect society, uphold order, and provide justice for wrongdoings. Biblically, this aligns with the principle found in Micah 6:8 (NIV): “He has shown you, O mortal, what is good. And what does the Lord require of you? To act justly and to love mercy and to walk humbly with your God.” This verse highlights the need for justice tempered by mercy and humility, reflecting the ideal balance criminal law should strive to achieve. Additionally, criminal law should aim to deter future crimes, rehabilitate offenders, and restore victims and communities.

    In practice, however, the actual goals of the criminal law often appear skewed toward retribution and punishment rather than holistic justice. For instance, the United States criminal justice system frequently emphasizes incarceration and punitive measures over rehabilitation and restorative practices. While punishment is necessary to maintain societal order, an excessive focus on retribution can undermine opportunities for personal and communal restoration. Research by Clear (2021) suggests that the American justice system often prioritizes punishment over other objectives like reducing recidivism or addressing root causes of crime, leading to systemic issues like over-incarceration and racial disparities.

    Restorative justice should play a significant role in the criminal justice system as it aligns with biblical concepts of reconciliation and healing. Restorative justice seeks to repair harm by involving victims, offenders, and communities in the justice process, emphasizing accountability and making amends. This approach mirrors the biblical directive to seek peace and reconciliation among individuals (Matthew 5:9). While some restorative practices are incorporated in specific programs or juvenile justice systems, their role in mainstream criminal justice remains limited. Expanding restorative justice could transform the system by fostering deeper accountability, reducing recidivism, and restoring trust within communities.

    In conclusion, the criminal law should pursue justice, restoration, and societal protection, grounded in biblical and ethical principles. A shift toward restorative justice could bridge the gap between the ideal and the current reality.

    **## CleberCordeiro.docx**

    4

    Cleber Cordeiro

    In my opinion, the primary goals of criminal law should align with biblical principles of justice, fairness, and restoration. Criminal law exists to protect society, uphold order, and provide justice for wrongdoings. Biblically, this aligns with the principle found in Micah 6:8 (NIV): “He has shown you, O mortal, what is good. And what does the Lord require of you? To act justly and to love mercy and to walk humbly with your God.” This verse highlights the need for justice tempered by mercy and humility, reflecting the ideal balance criminal law should strive to achieve. Additionally, criminal law should aim to deter future crimes, rehabilitate offenders, and restore victims and communities.

    In practice, however, the actual goals of the criminal law often appear skewed toward retribution and punishment rather than holistic justice. For instance, the United States criminal justice system frequently emphasizes incarceration and punitive measures over rehabilitation and restorative practices. While punishment is necessary to maintain societal order, an excessive focus on retribution can undermine opportunities for personal and communal restoration. Research by Clear (2021) suggests that the American justice system often prioritizes punishment over other objectives like reducing recidivism or addressing root causes of crime, leading to systemic issues like over-incarceration and racial disparities.

    Restorative justice should play a significant role in the criminal justice system as it aligns with biblical concepts of reconciliation and healing. Restorative justice seeks to repair harm by involving victims, offenders, and communities in the justice process, emphasizing accountability and making amends. This approach mirrors the biblical directive to seek peace and reconciliation among individuals (Matthew 5:9). While some restorative practices are incorporated in specific programs or juvenile justice systems, their role in mainstream criminal justice remains limited. Expanding restorative justice could transform the system by fostering deeper accountability, reducing recidivism, and restoring trust within communities.

    In conclusion, the criminal law should pursue justice, restoration, and societal protection, grounded in biblical and ethical principles. A shift toward restorative justice could bridge the gap between the ideal and the current reality.

    **## DiscussionAssignmentInstructions6.docx**

    CJUS 400

    **Discussion Assignment Instructions**

    The student will complete 4 Discussions in this course. The student will post one thread of 300 – 500 words by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday day of the assigned Module: Week. The student must then post 2 replies of at least 150 – 250 words by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Monday of the assigned Module: Week. For each thread, students must support their assertions with at least 1 scholarly citations in current APA format and quote 1 Scripture in support of the thread. Each reply must incorporate at least 1 scholarly citation in current APA format. Any sources cited must have been published within the last five years. Acceptable sources include scholarly journals (not the textbook but should include the Bible, etc.).

    This course utilizes the Post-First feature in all Discussions. This means you will only be able to read and interact with your classmates’ threads after you have submitted your thread in response to the provided prompt.

    **## BrookeWilson.docx**

    Brooke Wilson

    1. According to the Legal Information Institute, criminal law is “a system of laws concerned with crimes and the punishment of individuals who commit crimes” (LII, 2024). In my opinion, the answer to what the goal and purpose of criminal law is to simply keep everyone in society safe by establishing order and control, as well as punishing those who commit crimes. Crime in the United States is an important issue, even if the crime rate is decreasing. While it may be easy for people to judge those who commit crimes, I feel that as Christians we have a responsibility to God and to ourselves to show compassion and help them learn from potential mistakes to an extent. From a Biblical perspective, criminal law should focus on things like being truthful, fair punishment for crimes committed, and allowing forgiveness. For example, 2 Timothy 3:16-17 states, “All scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness, that the man of God may be complete, equipped for every good work” (Bible Gateway, 2025).

    2. I feel as if my personal beliefs of what the goals and purpose of criminal law are align with the actual goals and purpose of criminal law. According to Gardner and Anderson from our textbook, “People in all societies have the inherent right to protect their society and those living in that society from acts that threaten either the society or the people” (Gardner & Anderson, 2016). The criminal justice system appears to have the goals to ensure the safety of individuals by seeking out appropriate punishments for those who commit crimes.

    3. In terms of restorative justice, it could be beneficial for both the wrong-doer and the people affected by the wrong-doer. It should provide a chance for both parties to heal from the crime that happened. The person who committed the crime should be offered the help (if proven necessary) and given a fair punishment depending on the crime. Similarly, those affected by the crime should be able to seek justice through an appropriate punishment for the individual that caused them harm. In relation to scripture, the Bible provides the reasoning for restorative justice is to offer forgiveness and reconciliation just as God said. In times like today, the goal of restorative justice is to help each party move forward by achieving accountability, forgiveness, and healing (Park University, 2024).

    **## CleberCordeiro.docx**

    4

    Cleber Cordeiro

    In my opinion, the primary goals of criminal law should align with biblical principles of justice, fairness, and restoration. Criminal law exists to protect society, uphold order, and provide justice for wrongdoings. Biblically, this aligns with the principle found in Micah 6:8 (NIV): “He has shown you, O mortal, what is good. And what does the Lord require of you? To act justly and to love mercy and to walk humbly with your God.” This verse highlights the need for justice tempered by mercy and humility, reflecting the ideal balance criminal law should strive to achieve. Additionally, criminal law should aim to deter future crimes, rehabilitate offenders, and restore victims and communities.

    In practice, however, the actual goals of the criminal law often appear skewed toward retribution and punishment rather than holistic justice. For instance, the United States criminal justice system frequently emphasizes incarceration and punitive measures over rehabilitation and restorative practices. While punishment is necessary to maintain societal order, an excessive focus on retribution can undermine opportunities for personal and communal restoration. Research by Clear (2021) suggests that the American justice system often prioritizes punishment over other objectives like reducing recidivism or addressing root causes of crime, leading to systemic issues like over-incarceration and racial disparities.

    Restorative justice should play a significant role in the criminal justice system as it aligns with biblical concepts of reconciliation and healing. Restorative justice seeks to repair harm by involving victims, offenders, and communities in the justice process, emphasizing accountability and making amends. This approach mirrors the biblical directive to seek peace and reconciliation among individuals (Matthew 5:9). While some restorative practices are incorporated in specific programs or juvenile justice systems, their role in mainstream criminal justice remains limited. Expanding restorative justice could transform the system by fostering deeper accountability, reducing recidivism, and restoring trust within communities.

    In conclusion, the criminal law should pursue justice, restoration, and societal protection, grounded in biblical and ethical principles. A shift toward restorative justice could bridge the gap between the ideal and the current reality.

    **## DiscussionAssignmentInstructions6.docx**

    CJUS 400

    **Discussion Assignment Instructions**

    The student will complete 4 Discussions in this course. The student will post one thread of 300 – 500 words by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday day of the assigned Module: Week. The student must then post 2 replies of at least 150 – 250 words by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Monday of the assigned Module: Week. For each thread, students must support their assertions with at least 1 scholarly citations in current APA format and quote 1 Scripture in support of the thread. Each reply must incorporate at least 1 scholarly citation in current APA format. Any sources cited must have been published within the last five years. Acceptable sources include scholarly journals (not the textbook but should include the Bible, etc.).

    This course utilizes the Post-First feature in all Discussions. This means you will only be able to read and interact with your classmates’ threads after you have submitted your thread in response to the provided prompt.

    **## BrookeWilson.docx**

    Brooke Wilson

    1. According to the Legal Information Institute, criminal law is “a system of laws concerned with crimes and the punishment of individuals who commit crimes” (LII, 2024). In my opinion, the answer to what the goal and purpose of criminal law is to simply keep everyone in society safe by establishing order and control, as well as punishing those who commit crimes. Crime in the United States is an important issue, even if the crime rate is decreasing. While it may be easy for people to judge those who commit crimes, I feel that as Christians we have a responsibility to God and to ourselves to show compassion and help them learn from potential mistakes to an extent. From a Biblical perspective, criminal law should focus on things like being truthful, fair punishment for crimes committed, and allowing forgiveness. For example, 2 Timothy 3:16-17 states, “All scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness, that the man of God may be complete, equipped for every good work” (Bible Gateway, 2025).

    2. I feel as if my personal beliefs of what the goals and purpose of criminal law are align with the actual goals and purpose of criminal law. According to Gardner and Anderson from our textbook, “People in all societies have the inherent right to protect their society and those living in that society from acts that threaten either the society or the people” (Gardner & Anderson, 2016). The criminal justice system appears to have the goals to ensure the safety of individuals by seeking out appropriate punishments for those who commit crimes.

    3. In terms of restorative justice, it could be beneficial for both the wrong-doer and the people affected by the wrong-doer. It should provide a chance for both parties to heal from the crime that happened. The person who committed the crime should be offered the help (if proven necessary) and given a fair punishment depending on the crime. Similarly, those affected by the crime should be able to seek justice through an appropriate punishment for the individual that caused them harm. In relation to scripture, the Bible provides the reasoning for restorative justice is to offer forgiveness and reconciliation just as God said. In times like today, the goal of restorative justice is to help each party move forward by achieving accountability, forgiveness, and healing (Park University, 2024).

    **## CleberCordeiro.docx**

    4

    Cleber Cordeiro

    In my opinion, the primary goals of criminal law should align with biblical principles of justice, fairness, and restoration. Criminal law exists to protect society, uphold order, and provide justice for wrongdoings. Biblically, this aligns with the principle found in Micah 6:8 (NIV): “He has shown you, O mortal, what is good. And what does the Lord require of you? To act justly and to love mercy and to walk humbly with your God.” This verse highlights the need for justice tempered by mercy and humility, reflecting the ideal balance criminal law should strive to achieve. Additionally, criminal law should aim to deter future crimes, rehabilitate offenders, and restore victims and communities.

    In practice, however, the actual goals of the criminal law often appear skewed toward retribution and punishment rather than holistic justice. For instance, the United States criminal justice system frequently emphasizes incarceration and punitive measures over rehabilitation and restorative practices. While punishment is necessary to maintain societal order, an excessive focus on retribution can undermine opportunities for personal and communal restoration. Research by Clear (2021) suggests that the American justice system often prioritizes punishment over other objectives like reducing recidivism or addressing root causes of crime, leading to systemic issues like over-incarceration and racial disparities.

    Restorative justice should play a significant role in the criminal justice system as it aligns with biblical concepts of reconciliation and healing. Restorative justice seeks to repair harm by involving victims, offenders, and communities in the justice process, emphasizing accountability and making amends. This approach mirrors the biblical directive to seek peace and reconciliation among individuals (Matthew 5:9). While some restorative practices are incorporated in specific programs or juvenile justice systems, their role in mainstream criminal justice remains limited. Expanding restorative justice could transform the system by fostering deeper accountability, reducing recidivism, and restoring trust within communities.

    In conclusion, the criminal law should pursue justice, restoration, and societal protection, grounded in biblical and ethical principles. A shift toward restorative justice could bridge the gap between the ideal and the current reality.

  • [Solved] Hot Spot Policing mod 3

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    600-1000 word 12 Point type Plagiarism and Turnitin required – 2 years ago

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    600-1000 word

    12 Point type

    Plagiarism and Turnitin required

    – 2 years ago

  • [Solved] Have you had any experiences to support Dr. Piff’s conclusions?

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    [>Criminal homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/law-criminal) [**Does Money Make You Mean?**](http://www.ted.com/talks/paul_piff_does_money_make_you_mean) [Paul Piff: Does money make you mean? | TED Talk](https://www.ted.com/talks/paul_piff_does_money_make_you_mean) **Dr. Piff's researc…

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    [>Criminal homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/law-criminal)

    [**Does Money Make You Mean?**](http://www.ted.com/talks/paul_piff_does_money_make_you_mean)

    [Paul Piff: Does money make you mean? | TED Talk](https://www.ted.com/talks/paul_piff_does_money_make_you_mean)

    **Dr. Piff's research suggests that wealth makes people feel more entitled and, for lack of better terms, makes them more** _**mean**_ **and** _**greedy**_ **. While I have not done any formal research in this area, I have noticed that when I get tailgated or cut off on the road (and I am by no means a slow driver) it is, more often than not, either 1. a teenager or 2. an expensive vehicle.  Have you had any experiences to support Dr. Piff's conclusions?  If so, please discuss. Throughout the semester, we will be discussing why individuals who have no real financial need still choose to commit, often elaborate, crimes. How do you feel about the notion that simply having money makes some feel more entitled to behave however they choose and, thus, more likely to break the rules to get more?**

    – 2 years ago

  • [Solved] Wellness

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    [>Criminal homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/law-criminal) See the attached Doc APA Format and Turnitin Report – 2 years ago

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    [>Criminal homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/law-criminal)

    See the attached Doc

    APA Format and Turnitin Report

    – 2 years ago

  • [Solved] Criminal Justice

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    [>Criminal homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/law-criminal) 1) Visit the [FBI](http://www.fbi.gov/) website and search for the crime laboratory. What services are provided to law enforcement by the lab? 2) Pick one of the FBI services provided and create a request for analysis of speci…

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    [>Criminal homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/law-criminal)

    1) Visit the [FBI](http://www.fbi.gov/) website and search for the crime laboratory. What services are provided to law enforcement by the lab?

    2) Pick one of the FBI services provided and create a request for analysis of specific evidence collected at a fictional crime scene. What testing would you request the FBI lab to do for your case?

    3) Review the 2-part "body farm" video on the same FBI lab website and discuss what you found to be interesting.

    [FBI — FBI Trains at Body Farm, Part 1](https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/news/stories/2009/july/fbi-trains-at-body-farm-part-1)

    [FBI — FBI Trains at Body Farm, Part 2](https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/news/stories/2009/july/fbi-trains-at-body-farm-part-2)

    500 words/2 references

    – 2 years ago

  • [Solved] Communications

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    [>Criminal homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/law-criminal) See attached Doc for details. APA Format and Turnitin Report. – 2 years ago

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    [>Criminal homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/law-criminal)

    See attached Doc for details.

    APA Format and Turnitin Report.

    – 2 years ago

  • [Solved] Discussion 3

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    – 2 years ago **files (1)** – ## Discussion3.docx **## Discussion3.docx** **500 word response 2 references/intext citations** **Due 1/22/2025** **Answer the two questions below** **Rule Making Process Case Study:** **Food Stamps and Fast Food** _Bloomberg Businessweek_ reported in November of 2011 o…

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    – 2 years ago

    **files (1)**

    – ## Discussion3.docx

    **## Discussion3.docx**

    **500 word response 2 references/intext citations**

    **Due 1/22/2025**

    **Answer the two questions below**

    **Rule Making Process Case Study:** **Food Stamps and Fast Food**

    _Bloomberg Businessweek_ reported in November of 2011 on an interesting and controversial fast-food and government benefits controversy. The giant fast-food company, Yum Brands, wants government to allow low-income people to use food stamps at its Taco Bell and KFC restaurants. Health care advocates as well as the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which funds the food stamp program, have criticized the proposal; and the Agriculture Department is asking the states not to accede to Yum Brand’s request. The Under Secretary of Agriculture for Food and Nutrition  stated that not to be concerned with the quality of the food is a serious mistake, and that the government should be promoting access to healthy foods.
    _Bloomberg Businessweek_ indicated that Yum Brands has lobbied government officials in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Florida to permit its restaurants to participate in the food stamp program, which is called the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). SNAP, though funded by the federal government, is administered by the states. The program is approximately five decades old, and distributed in 2010 a record amount of $64.4 billion. With that money available, one university professor of nutrition stated that “Everyone wants to get a piece of that action.” The professor also noted that now the bulk of that money is going to grocery stores, and restaurants think that the current situation is unfair.

    _Bloomberg Businessweek_ related that the demand for food stamps has “exploded” since the recession began in 2007, and consequently as of August 2012 a record 45.8 million Americans participated in the food stamp program, which number was an 8.1% increase over the previous year. The magazine also pointed out that though the name “food stamp” is used, actual paper coupons were discontinued several years ago to be replaced by an electronic debit card system. The SNAP program has restrictions on the types of products that can be purchased with food stamps, for example, alcohol, tobacco, pet food, vitamins, and hot food. Approximately 85% of food stamps are redeemed at large grocery stores and supermarkets. However, in the last few years several states, including California, Arizona, Michigan, Rhode Island, and  Florida, have been allowing people who cannot cook for themselves, such as the disabled, the homeless, and the elderly, to buy hot meals at authorized fast food restaurants.

    In 2011,
    _Bloomberg Businessweek_ reported that certain restaurants, such as McDonald’s, Wendy’s, Taco Bell, and KFC collected approximately $21 million in food stamp redemptions.  A Yum Brands spokesperson stated that it makes “perfect sense” to expand the program, which is working well in certain states, to allow the aforementioned types of people to use food stamps in restaurants as they would in supermarkets. A member of Congress, whose district in Kentucky includes the headquarters of Yum Brands, stated that even though there may be a profit motive to Yum Brand’s request, there nonetheless is “some merit” to allow the company to more fully participate in the SNAP program. However, a spokesperson for the Pennsylvania Welfare Department stated that fast food is “not really a healthy way to get food,” and that it is “not always the best choice financially.” Another member of Congress, also from Kentucky, stated that to allow the expansion of the SNAP program would harm the needy in the long-term since they are going to get less food for their food stamps.

    **Bibliography:** Patton, Leslie, “Food Stamps for Chalupa? Not Likely,”
    _Bloomberg Businessweek_, November 21-November 27, 2011, pp. 32-34.

    **Questions for Discussion:**

    1. The appointed administrative head of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), has decided to make a new regulation.  The regulation will prevent any individual state agency administrating the SNAP program within their state and individual recipient of SNAP benefits from using SNAP benefits or funds towards "fast food".   The USDA agency head has decided that
    **Informal Rule Making** will be used to promulgate this new federal regulation using  the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) process.   Explain the following using our materials and readings this week:

    · Explain all the material steps involved under the APA for Informal Rule Making for such a new regulation;

    · Explain how Formal Rule Making is different then Informal Rule Making; and

    · Explain how Negotiated Rule Making Process is different then Informal Rule Making.

    2.   Would it be ethical for the USDA or an individual state agency to expand the SNAP program to cover "fast food"?   Pick one of the below ethical theories (
    **utilitarianism)**, explain it, then apply it to the facts of this case and conclude under it if it is moral/ethical to expand the SNAP program to cover "fast food"?  You will have to do some independent research on each of the below ethical theories online to learn about them and how they work.

    **## Discussion3.docx**

    **500 word response 2 references/intext citations**

    **Due 1/22/2025**

    **Answer the two questions below**

    **Rule Making Process Case Study:** **Food Stamps and Fast Food**

    _Bloomberg Businessweek_ reported in November of 2011 on an interesting and controversial fast-food and government benefits controversy. The giant fast-food company, Yum Brands, wants government to allow low-income people to use food stamps at its Taco Bell and KFC restaurants. Health care advocates as well as the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which funds the food stamp program, have criticized the proposal; and the Agriculture Department is asking the states not to accede to Yum Brand’s request. The Under Secretary of Agriculture for Food and Nutrition  stated that not to be concerned with the quality of the food is a serious mistake, and that the government should be promoting access to healthy foods.
    _Bloomberg Businessweek_ indicated that Yum Brands has lobbied government officials in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Florida to permit its restaurants to participate in the food stamp program, which is called the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). SNAP, though funded by the federal government, is administered by the states. The program is approximately five decades old, and distributed in 2010 a record amount of $64.4 billion. With that money available, one university professor of nutrition stated that “Everyone wants to get a piece of that action.” The professor also noted that now the bulk of that money is going to grocery stores, and restaurants think that the current situation is unfair.

    _Bloomberg Businessweek_ related that the demand for food stamps has “exploded” since the recession began in 2007, and consequently as of August 2012 a record 45.8 million Americans participated in the food stamp program, which number was an 8.1% increase over the previous year. The magazine also pointed out that though the name “food stamp” is used, actual paper coupons were discontinued several years ago to be replaced by an electronic debit card system. The SNAP program has restrictions on the types of products that can be purchased with food stamps, for example, alcohol, tobacco, pet food, vitamins, and hot food. Approximately 85% of food stamps are redeemed at large grocery stores and supermarkets. However, in the last few years several states, including California, Arizona, Michigan, Rhode Island, and  Florida, have been allowing people who cannot cook for themselves, such as the disabled, the homeless, and the elderly, to buy hot meals at authorized fast food restaurants.

    In 2011,
    _Bloomberg Businessweek_ reported that certain restaurants, such as McDonald’s, Wendy’s, Taco Bell, and KFC collected approximately $21 million in food stamp redemptions.  A Yum Brands spokesperson stated that it makes “perfect sense” to expand the program, which is working well in certain states, to allow the aforementioned types of people to use food stamps in restaurants as they would in supermarkets. A member of Congress, whose district in Kentucky includes the headquarters of Yum Brands, stated that even though there may be a profit motive to Yum Brand’s request, there nonetheless is “some merit” to allow the company to more fully participate in the SNAP program. However, a spokesperson for the Pennsylvania Welfare Department stated that fast food is “not really a healthy way to get food,” and that it is “not always the best choice financially.” Another member of Congress, also from Kentucky, stated that to allow the expansion of the SNAP program would harm the needy in the long-term since they are going to get less food for their food stamps.

    **Bibliography:** Patton, Leslie, “Food Stamps for Chalupa? Not Likely,”
    _Bloomberg Businessweek_, November 21-November 27, 2011, pp. 32-34.

    **Questions for Discussion:**

    1. The appointed administrative head of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), has decided to make a new regulation.  The regulation will prevent any individual state agency administrating the SNAP program within their state and individual recipient of SNAP benefits from using SNAP benefits or funds towards "fast food".   The USDA agency head has decided that
    **Informal Rule Making** will be used to promulgate this new federal regulation using  the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) process.   Explain the following using our materials and readings this week:

    · Explain all the material steps involved under the APA for Informal Rule Making for such a new regulation;

    · Explain how Formal Rule Making is different then Informal Rule Making; and

    · Explain how Negotiated Rule Making Process is different then Informal Rule Making.

    2.   Would it be ethical for the USDA or an individual state agency to expand the SNAP program to cover "fast food"?   Pick one of the below ethical theories (
    **utilitarianism)**, explain it, then apply it to the facts of this case and conclude under it if it is moral/ethical to expand the SNAP program to cover "fast food"?  You will have to do some independent research on each of the below ethical theories online to learn about them and how they work.