Assignment Prompt & Instructions
– 2 years ago
**files (2)**
– ## DiscussionAssignment.docx
– ## BrownvsBoardofEducation-TheCivilRightsMovement.pdf
**## DiscussionAssignment.docx**
Discussion: Brown vs Board of Education
The verdict in Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka Kansas was the beginning of the Civil Right movement. What was Brown vs Board of Education? Please discuss. Two pages.
This writing assignment will demonstrate a student’s ability of critical thinking and develop critical analysis and written in an appropriate essay format (Introduction, thesis statement, supportive evidence, conclusion) in the MLA or APA format.
**## BrownvsBoardofEducation-TheCivilRightsMovement.pdf**
The Civil Rights Movement: An African Perspective
• By the middle of the 20th century, African Americans were
beginning to act to reduce and eliminate the discrimination they
had suffered since the end of the Civil War.
• With Jim Crow laws and lynching being a persistent problem in the
southeastern States, while slums and barely masked racism were
common in the Northeastern States, it became clear the fight for
equality had to be waged on a mush stronger presence.
The Civil Rights Movement
• From this understanding, began the Civil Rights Movement.
• Owing to the ideas and works of people like Booker T Washington,
Washington Carver, and W.E. Dubois, a growing number of leaders rose
to help push the plight of African Americans to the forefront of public
consciousness.
• The fight for integration in the school system began in the middle of
the 1930s and was pressed by the NAACP.
Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas
• The NAACP pushed for dull integration to ensure that African Americans could
have the same opportunities and education as other Americans.
• The NAACP argued that segregation created and inherent inequality that would
persist as long as schools remained segregated.
• The chief counsel for the NAACP during the case was Thurgood Marshall, who
later become the first African American members of the Supreme Court.
• Marshall argued that African American students were given less protection under
law.
Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas
• The Supreme Court released guidelines on how to implement
integration a year after the landmark decision.
• This ruling was met with extreme resistance in the Southern
States that had fought so hard to maintain slavery.
• However, they were fighting on the wrong side of history and
were eventually forced to integrate all their schools.
Rise and Strength of Civil Disobedience
• The verdict in Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka Kansas was the beginning
of the movement.
• For the first time since the Civil War had ended, the U.S. Supreme Court
acknowledged that segregation created and inherent inequality.
• Having won a victory through the courts, several African American leaders
began to rise to the forefront of the movement.
Rise and Strength of Civil Disobedience
• With the courts showing their awareness to the inequality, civil
disobedience gained in popularity.
• Some of the most iconic pictures in U.S. history came from this period.
• African American were standing together against the police, politicians,
and the military.
Rise and Strength of Civil Disobedience
• African Americans stood in peace or boycotted in peace and
do not fight back even when their adversaries turned violent.
• The movement began following the Supreme Court’s
decision on 1954 and lasted through the end of the 1960s.
March on Washington
• One of the most memorable and larges events of the Civil Rights Movement occurred
on August 28, 1963.
• Over 250,000 demonstrators descended on the Washington Memorial in Washington,
D.C., in what is now known as the March on Washington for jobs and Freedom.
• The idea for such a large demonstration began with A. Philip Randolph near the end of
1962.
• Randolph wanted to bring all the civil rights leaders together to work toward both social
and economic equality.
March on
Washington
•As one of the primary leaders,
Randolph would need to
persuade five other to join
him:
•Roy Wilkins of the NAACP,
•Reverend Martin Luther King,
Jr.,
•Whitney Young Jr.,
• James Farmer, and
• John Lewis.
March on Washington
• The march began at the National Mall.
• The participants followed a set route, ending at the Lincoln Memorial.
• At the memorial, the leaders of the Civil Rights Movement spoke, with one
of the most famous speeches in American history ever delivered under the
eyes of the Lincoln Memorial:
• Martin Luther Kings’ “I Have a Dream” speech.
Civil Rights Act
of 1964
•The peaceful demonstration
in the nation’s capital saw
results the next year in the
form of the Civil Rights Act of
1964.
• (The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is
a landmark civil rights and
labor law in the United States
that outlaws discrimination
based on race, color, religion,
sex, or national origin).
Voting Rights
Act of 1965
• Congress reacted to the obvious display of
racism and discrimination that violates the right
of African Americans in the Southern States
with the passage of the Voting Rights Act of
1965.
• The successful march from Selma to
Birmingham occurred in March 1965.
• By the beginning of August of the same year,
President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act
not law.
• The act reiterated what should have been
guaranteed by the 15th Amendment, specifying
that it was illegal to, in any way, hinder rights of
citizens to register to vote, or deny them the
right to vote.
The Courage of
Rosa Parks
• Rosa Louise McCauley was born in 1913 in
Tuskegee, Alabama, she attended school
throughout much of her childhood.
• On 1st December 1955, Parks boarded a bus in
Montgomery, Alabama.
• After paying for the ride, she moved toward the
back of the bus and sat in the front of the
section marked for African Americans.
• As the bus moved through the city, the white
section filled up quickly.
• Bus drivers had the right to assign seats, but
they were not allowed to force passengers to
stand so that others could sit if there were no
other seats available.
The Courage of
Rosa Parks
• The bus driver James F. Blake, moved the
African American designation sign and said
that the seats were now to be given to the
white men.
• When Rosa Park refused to move to
accommodate the driver’s new designation,
he called the police who then arrested Rosa
Parks.
• Three day after Parks’ arrest, the
Montgomery Bus Boycott was announced.
• One of the organizers of this boycott was
Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.
The Dream of
Martin Luther
King
• Born I 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia, he
was the child of a minister, which
helped shape the person he would
become as an adult.
• Though he was dedicated to
nonviolence, those fought against
were not averse it.
• On 3rd April 1968, he gave his last
speech, known as his “I have been to
the Mountaintop” speech, to a crowd
in Memphis, Tennessee.
The Dream of
Martin Luther
King
• He told them I have seen the promised
land.
• I may not get there with you. But I
want you to know tonight that we, as
a people, will get to the promised
land.”
• The next day he was assassinated by
James Earl Ray.
• Today, King is the only American not a
President to have a federal holiday in
his honor.
The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
• Malcolm X was unlike any of the other figures in the Civil Rights Movement.
• While many of the leaders came from the Deep South, Malcolm Little was
born in Omaha, Nebraska, in May of 1925, as one of eight children.
• Like King, he was the son of an outspoken minister.
• Unlike King’s father, Little’s father was a supporter of the teaching of Marcus
Garvey.
The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
• This unpopular stance with segregationists and white supremacists led
to frequent threats to the Little family, resulting in them moving twice
before the young Civil Rights leader was four years old.
• Despite trying to escape the threats, the family’s home in Lansing,
Michigan was burned down in 1929.
• Earl Little, Malcolm Little’s father, was found dead in 1931.
• Both the arson and murder accounts were ignored, with the law
enforcement officials calling both tragedies accidents.
The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
• Because of the incidents, Louise Little, Malcolm Little’s mother, suffered mental
trauma.
• A few years after the death of her husband, she was committed to a mental
institution.
• Her children were sent to relatives and orphanages.
• Having spent most of his early life surrounded by misfortune because of his family’s
skin color and belief, Malcolm was less willing to negotiate with the terrorists who
had destroyed his family.
The Trials and
Change of Heart
of Malcolm X
• By 1946, Little was living in Boston, where
he and a friend were arrested on burglary
charged.
• He would serve seven of the ten years he
was sentenced to.
• During this time, Malcolm began to reflect
on his life and decided to further his
education.
• Inspired by his brother, Reginal, he
converted to being a Muslim.
The Trials and
Change of Heart
of Malcolm X
• He joined the Nation of Islam,
and studied under Elijah
Muhammed.
• Muhammed taught the
Caucasians worked to keep
African Americans in a state of
inequality.
• Because of his father believed in
the teaching of Garvey, Malcolm
would come to believe that
African Americans would need to
find their own way in a place
away from the white people who
oppressed him.
The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
• By the time he was released from prison in 1952, Malcolm had changed his
surname to the one by which he is known today – Malcolm X.
• He said that little was the name that was given to his family while they were in
slavery, and he would not continue to use it.
• Since there was no record of what his family’s name was originally, he chose X
to show that his history was lost because of the oppression of the U.S.
The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
• Malcolm X was a gifted, intelligent, and charismatic figure.
• He denied the teachings of Christians who had used their religion to justify,
first slavery, and then the treatment of African Americans as lesser citizens.
• As a result, Malcolm X was tasked with helping to establish mosques around
the country, notably in Detroit and Harlem.
• His appeal attracted a far greater number of people than anticipated.
The Trials and
Change of Heart
of Malcolm X
• Because of the he articulated the
beliefs of his religion and the potential
for the future, the members of the
Nation of Islam grew from 500 to more
than 30,000 between 1952 and 1963.
• However, his words and actions were
not part of the civil disobedience
carried out by so many others during
the Civil Rights Movement.
• In 1959, he appeared on a TV show
titled The Hate That Hate Produced.
The Trials and
Change of Heart
of Malcolm X
• Once it was over, X had not only
become the face of the Islamic
African American Movement, had
had come to the attention of the
federal government.
• The FBI began to track and monitor
him, from a distance at first, then
infiltrating his inner circle.
• FBI bugged the locations where he
was and conducted wiretaps on X.
The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
• Being disappointed by his mentor committing adultery, Malcolm X founded
his own organization in 1964, the Muslim Mosque, Inc. and took a
pilgrimage to Mecca.
• On his travels abroad, he found the thing he had believed for so long could
be overcome that integration was possible when people’s hearts and minds
were touched.
• This was a result of his positive encounters with “blond-haired, blue-eyed
men I could call my brothers,” according to X.
The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
• Upon his return, his message was to the American people, not just African
American.
• Malcolm X’s home was firebombed in 1965. The following week, three assassins
shot him 15 times onstage at the Manhattan’s Audubon Ballroom.
• He died before reaching the hospital.
• More than 1,000 people attended his funeral. The following year, the three
assassins faced charges of first-degree murder and were found guilty.
The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
• Although Rosa Parks is the most famous woman in the Civil Rights
Movement, her actions on December 1, 1955, might not have had
nearly the impact they had if not for the efforts of Dorothy Height.
• Unlike many of the other Civil Rights leaders who focused on equality
for African Americans, Height focused on rights for women.
• Height often worked with Civil Rights leaders to forward the rights of
women.
The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
• Height was born in Richmond, Virginia, in 1912.
• She was still young when her family moved to Pennsylvania where she went to an
integrated school.
• Later she was accepted to New York University and she went on to earn her bachelor’s and
master’s degree there.
• After college, she became a social worker until 1937 when she joined the Harlem Yong
Women Christian’s Association (YWCA).
The Calm
Dignity of
Dorothy Height
• While working there, she met Mary
McLeod Bethune, one of the founders on
the National Council of Negro Women, and
Eleanor Roosevelt.
• After the meeting she join the organization
NCNW.
• She was instrumental in the integration of
the YWCA in 1946 and was one of the
people to establish the Center for Racial
Justice in 1965.
• She led the Center until 1977.
The Calm
Dignity of
Dorothy Height
• Height worked with the leader of the
Montgomery chapter.
• She began the organization of a
boycott against the Montgomery
public transportation for illegal and
unethical treatment of African
Americans.
• From this event, she would become
instrumental in the Civil Rights
Movement, more behind the seen
rather than in public.
The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
• She was one of the primary organizers of the March on Washington, standing
beside King when he gave his infamous speech “I Have a Dream”.
• She was one of the founding members of the National Women’s Political Caucus,
even as she continued to lead the YWCA.
• Over the next few decades, almost every American President would recognize
her, even Bill Clinton.
• She died on April 20, 2010.
Thurgood Marshall
• Thurgood Marshall was first a defender of equal rights for African Americans.
• Born in 1908 in Baltimore, Maryland.
• He attended Lincoln University, having graduate from Lincoln University with
honors, any school would be lucky to have Marshall as a law student.
• However, the University of Maryland Law School declined his application
purely based on his race.
Thurgood Marshall
• Howard University accepted him and that was when he began his work toward ensuring civil
rights, long before the Civil Rights Movement began.
•
• In 1933, he graduated magna cum laude. He became a legal counsel for the NAACP.
• One of his first cases mirrored his own experience with colleges in the U.S. – Murray vs.
• Pearson focused on the denial of a student base on his race instead of academic qualifications.
• It was one of his first major victories, occurring just three years after he graduated from laws
school.
Thurgood Marshall
• Later that year he moved to New York City to work for the NAACP full-time.
• There he became one of the most successful and well-known attorneys.
• In 1940, he spoke in front of the U.S. Supreme Court for Chambers vs. Florida
• Perhaps his biggest case was Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas.
• He helped to win for the NAACP, making him one of the earliest proponents of the Civil
Rights Movement.
Thurgood Marshall
• Marshall earned a title in 1961 that had never been held by an African American-
as a justice on the U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals, appointed by President
John F. Kennedy.
• Four years later he was given an even more prominent position as the U.S.
Solicitor general by appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. During his time, he
won 14 of his 19 cases.
• In 1967 he was given one of the most prominent positions in the U.S. – he was
named a Supreme Court Justice, again earning his appointment through President
Johnson.
Thurgood Marshall
• Marshal was a justice of the highest U.S. court for nearly a quarter of a century.
• In 1991, he retired and was replaced by the conservative Justice Clarence
Thomas another African American. Marshall died in 1993, just two years after
retiring.
• He had one of the longest careers of fighting for equality in U.S. history, and
earned his place alongside Rosa Parks, King and others as a primary figure of
the Civil Rights Movement.
– Slide 1: The Civil Rights Movement: An African Perspective
– Slide 2: The Civil Rights Movement
– Slide 3: Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas
– Slide 4: Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas
– Slide 5: Rise and Strength of Civil Disobedience
– Slide 6: Rise and Strength of Civil Disobedience
– Slide 7: Rise and Strength of Civil Disobedience
– Slide 8: March on Washington
– Slide 9: March on Washington
– Slide 10: March on Washington
– Slide 11: Civil Rights Act of 1964
– Slide 12: Voting Rights Act of 1965
– Slide 13: The Courage of Rosa Parks
– Slide 14: The Courage of Rosa Parks
– Slide 15: The Dream of Martin Luther King
– Slide 16: The Dream of Martin Luther King
– Slide 17: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 18: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 19: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 20: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 21: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 22: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 23: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 24: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 25: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 26: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 27: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 28: The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
– Slide 29: The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
– Slide 30: The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
– Slide 31: The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
– Slide 32: The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
– Slide 33: Thurgood Marshall
– Slide 34: Thurgood Marshall
– Slide 35: Thurgood Marshall
– Slide 36: Thurgood Marshall
– Slide 37: Thurgood Marshall
**## BrownvsBoardofEducation-TheCivilRightsMovement.pdf**
The Civil Rights Movement: An African Perspective
• By the middle of the 20th century, African Americans were
beginning to act to reduce and eliminate the discrimination they
had suffered since the end of the Civil War.
• With Jim Crow laws and lynching being a persistent problem in the
southeastern States, while slums and barely masked racism were
common in the Northeastern States, it became clear the fight for
equality had to be waged on a mush stronger presence.
The Civil Rights Movement
• From this understanding, began the Civil Rights Movement.
• Owing to the ideas and works of people like Booker T Washington,
Washington Carver, and W.E. Dubois, a growing number of leaders rose
to help push the plight of African Americans to the forefront of public
consciousness.
• The fight for integration in the school system began in the middle of
the 1930s and was pressed by the NAACP.
Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas
• The NAACP pushed for dull integration to ensure that African Americans could
have the same opportunities and education as other Americans.
• The NAACP argued that segregation created and inherent inequality that would
persist as long as schools remained segregated.
• The chief counsel for the NAACP during the case was Thurgood Marshall, who
later become the first African American members of the Supreme Court.
• Marshall argued that African American students were given less protection under
law.
Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas
• The Supreme Court released guidelines on how to implement
integration a year after the landmark decision.
• This ruling was met with extreme resistance in the Southern
States that had fought so hard to maintain slavery.
• However, they were fighting on the wrong side of history and
were eventually forced to integrate all their schools.
Rise and Strength of Civil Disobedience
• The verdict in Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka Kansas was the beginning
of the movement.
• For the first time since the Civil War had ended, the U.S. Supreme Court
acknowledged that segregation created and inherent inequality.
• Having won a victory through the courts, several African American leaders
began to rise to the forefront of the movement.
Rise and Strength of Civil Disobedience
• With the courts showing their awareness to the inequality, civil
disobedience gained in popularity.
• Some of the most iconic pictures in U.S. history came from this period.
• African American were standing together against the police, politicians,
and the military.
Rise and Strength of Civil Disobedience
• African Americans stood in peace or boycotted in peace and
do not fight back even when their adversaries turned violent.
• The movement began following the Supreme Court’s
decision on 1954 and lasted through the end of the 1960s.
March on Washington
• One of the most memorable and larges events of the Civil Rights Movement occurred
on August 28, 1963.
• Over 250,000 demonstrators descended on the Washington Memorial in Washington,
D.C., in what is now known as the March on Washington for jobs and Freedom.
• The idea for such a large demonstration began with A. Philip Randolph near the end of
1962.
• Randolph wanted to bring all the civil rights leaders together to work toward both social
and economic equality.
March on
Washington
•As one of the primary leaders,
Randolph would need to
persuade five other to join
him:
•Roy Wilkins of the NAACP,
•Reverend Martin Luther King,
Jr.,
•Whitney Young Jr.,
• James Farmer, and
• John Lewis.
March on Washington
• The march began at the National Mall.
• The participants followed a set route, ending at the Lincoln Memorial.
• At the memorial, the leaders of the Civil Rights Movement spoke, with one
of the most famous speeches in American history ever delivered under the
eyes of the Lincoln Memorial:
• Martin Luther Kings’ “I Have a Dream” speech.
Civil Rights Act
of 1964
•The peaceful demonstration
in the nation’s capital saw
results the next year in the
form of the Civil Rights Act of
1964.
• (The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is
a landmark civil rights and
labor law in the United States
that outlaws discrimination
based on race, color, religion,
sex, or national origin).
Voting Rights
Act of 1965
• Congress reacted to the obvious display of
racism and discrimination that violates the right
of African Americans in the Southern States
with the passage of the Voting Rights Act of
1965.
• The successful march from Selma to
Birmingham occurred in March 1965.
• By the beginning of August of the same year,
President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act
not law.
• The act reiterated what should have been
guaranteed by the 15th Amendment, specifying
that it was illegal to, in any way, hinder rights of
citizens to register to vote, or deny them the
right to vote.
The Courage of
Rosa Parks
• Rosa Louise McCauley was born in 1913 in
Tuskegee, Alabama, she attended school
throughout much of her childhood.
• On 1st December 1955, Parks boarded a bus in
Montgomery, Alabama.
• After paying for the ride, she moved toward the
back of the bus and sat in the front of the
section marked for African Americans.
• As the bus moved through the city, the white
section filled up quickly.
• Bus drivers had the right to assign seats, but
they were not allowed to force passengers to
stand so that others could sit if there were no
other seats available.
The Courage of
Rosa Parks
• The bus driver James F. Blake, moved the
African American designation sign and said
that the seats were now to be given to the
white men.
• When Rosa Park refused to move to
accommodate the driver’s new designation,
he called the police who then arrested Rosa
Parks.
• Three day after Parks’ arrest, the
Montgomery Bus Boycott was announced.
• One of the organizers of this boycott was
Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.
The Dream of
Martin Luther
King
• Born I 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia, he
was the child of a minister, which
helped shape the person he would
become as an adult.
• Though he was dedicated to
nonviolence, those fought against
were not averse it.
• On 3rd April 1968, he gave his last
speech, known as his “I have been to
the Mountaintop” speech, to a crowd
in Memphis, Tennessee.
The Dream of
Martin Luther
King
• He told them I have seen the promised
land.
• I may not get there with you. But I
want you to know tonight that we, as
a people, will get to the promised
land.”
• The next day he was assassinated by
James Earl Ray.
• Today, King is the only American not a
President to have a federal holiday in
his honor.
The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
• Malcolm X was unlike any of the other figures in the Civil Rights Movement.
• While many of the leaders came from the Deep South, Malcolm Little was
born in Omaha, Nebraska, in May of 1925, as one of eight children.
• Like King, he was the son of an outspoken minister.
• Unlike King’s father, Little’s father was a supporter of the teaching of Marcus
Garvey.
The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
• This unpopular stance with segregationists and white supremacists led
to frequent threats to the Little family, resulting in them moving twice
before the young Civil Rights leader was four years old.
• Despite trying to escape the threats, the family’s home in Lansing,
Michigan was burned down in 1929.
• Earl Little, Malcolm Little’s father, was found dead in 1931.
• Both the arson and murder accounts were ignored, with the law
enforcement officials calling both tragedies accidents.
The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
• Because of the incidents, Louise Little, Malcolm Little’s mother, suffered mental
trauma.
• A few years after the death of her husband, she was committed to a mental
institution.
• Her children were sent to relatives and orphanages.
• Having spent most of his early life surrounded by misfortune because of his family’s
skin color and belief, Malcolm was less willing to negotiate with the terrorists who
had destroyed his family.
The Trials and
Change of Heart
of Malcolm X
• By 1946, Little was living in Boston, where
he and a friend were arrested on burglary
charged.
• He would serve seven of the ten years he
was sentenced to.
• During this time, Malcolm began to reflect
on his life and decided to further his
education.
• Inspired by his brother, Reginal, he
converted to being a Muslim.
The Trials and
Change of Heart
of Malcolm X
• He joined the Nation of Islam,
and studied under Elijah
Muhammed.
• Muhammed taught the
Caucasians worked to keep
African Americans in a state of
inequality.
• Because of his father believed in
the teaching of Garvey, Malcolm
would come to believe that
African Americans would need to
find their own way in a place
away from the white people who
oppressed him.
The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
• By the time he was released from prison in 1952, Malcolm had changed his
surname to the one by which he is known today – Malcolm X.
• He said that little was the name that was given to his family while they were in
slavery, and he would not continue to use it.
• Since there was no record of what his family’s name was originally, he chose X
to show that his history was lost because of the oppression of the U.S.
The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
• Malcolm X was a gifted, intelligent, and charismatic figure.
• He denied the teachings of Christians who had used their religion to justify,
first slavery, and then the treatment of African Americans as lesser citizens.
• As a result, Malcolm X was tasked with helping to establish mosques around
the country, notably in Detroit and Harlem.
• His appeal attracted a far greater number of people than anticipated.
The Trials and
Change of Heart
of Malcolm X
• Because of the he articulated the
beliefs of his religion and the potential
for the future, the members of the
Nation of Islam grew from 500 to more
than 30,000 between 1952 and 1963.
• However, his words and actions were
not part of the civil disobedience
carried out by so many others during
the Civil Rights Movement.
• In 1959, he appeared on a TV show
titled The Hate That Hate Produced.
The Trials and
Change of Heart
of Malcolm X
• Once it was over, X had not only
become the face of the Islamic
African American Movement, had
had come to the attention of the
federal government.
• The FBI began to track and monitor
him, from a distance at first, then
infiltrating his inner circle.
• FBI bugged the locations where he
was and conducted wiretaps on X.
The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
• Being disappointed by his mentor committing adultery, Malcolm X founded
his own organization in 1964, the Muslim Mosque, Inc. and took a
pilgrimage to Mecca.
• On his travels abroad, he found the thing he had believed for so long could
be overcome that integration was possible when people’s hearts and minds
were touched.
• This was a result of his positive encounters with “blond-haired, blue-eyed
men I could call my brothers,” according to X.
The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
• Upon his return, his message was to the American people, not just African
American.
• Malcolm X’s home was firebombed in 1965. The following week, three assassins
shot him 15 times onstage at the Manhattan’s Audubon Ballroom.
• He died before reaching the hospital.
• More than 1,000 people attended his funeral. The following year, the three
assassins faced charges of first-degree murder and were found guilty.
The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
• Although Rosa Parks is the most famous woman in the Civil Rights
Movement, her actions on December 1, 1955, might not have had
nearly the impact they had if not for the efforts of Dorothy Height.
• Unlike many of the other Civil Rights leaders who focused on equality
for African Americans, Height focused on rights for women.
• Height often worked with Civil Rights leaders to forward the rights of
women.
The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
• Height was born in Richmond, Virginia, in 1912.
• She was still young when her family moved to Pennsylvania where she went to an
integrated school.
• Later she was accepted to New York University and she went on to earn her bachelor’s and
master’s degree there.
• After college, she became a social worker until 1937 when she joined the Harlem Yong
Women Christian’s Association (YWCA).
The Calm
Dignity of
Dorothy Height
• While working there, she met Mary
McLeod Bethune, one of the founders on
the National Council of Negro Women, and
Eleanor Roosevelt.
• After the meeting she join the organization
NCNW.
• She was instrumental in the integration of
the YWCA in 1946 and was one of the
people to establish the Center for Racial
Justice in 1965.
• She led the Center until 1977.
The Calm
Dignity of
Dorothy Height
• Height worked with the leader of the
Montgomery chapter.
• She began the organization of a
boycott against the Montgomery
public transportation for illegal and
unethical treatment of African
Americans.
• From this event, she would become
instrumental in the Civil Rights
Movement, more behind the seen
rather than in public.
The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
• She was one of the primary organizers of the March on Washington, standing
beside King when he gave his infamous speech “I Have a Dream”.
• She was one of the founding members of the National Women’s Political Caucus,
even as she continued to lead the YWCA.
• Over the next few decades, almost every American President would recognize
her, even Bill Clinton.
• She died on April 20, 2010.
Thurgood Marshall
• Thurgood Marshall was first a defender of equal rights for African Americans.
• Born in 1908 in Baltimore, Maryland.
• He attended Lincoln University, having graduate from Lincoln University with
honors, any school would be lucky to have Marshall as a law student.
• However, the University of Maryland Law School declined his application
purely based on his race.
Thurgood Marshall
• Howard University accepted him and that was when he began his work toward ensuring civil
rights, long before the Civil Rights Movement began.
•
• In 1933, he graduated magna cum laude. He became a legal counsel for the NAACP.
• One of his first cases mirrored his own experience with colleges in the U.S. – Murray vs.
• Pearson focused on the denial of a student base on his race instead of academic qualifications.
• It was one of his first major victories, occurring just three years after he graduated from laws
school.
Thurgood Marshall
• Later that year he moved to New York City to work for the NAACP full-time.
• There he became one of the most successful and well-known attorneys.
• In 1940, he spoke in front of the U.S. Supreme Court for Chambers vs. Florida
• Perhaps his biggest case was Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas.
• He helped to win for the NAACP, making him one of the earliest proponents of the Civil
Rights Movement.
Thurgood Marshall
• Marshall earned a title in 1961 that had never been held by an African American-
as a justice on the U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals, appointed by President
John F. Kennedy.
• Four years later he was given an even more prominent position as the U.S.
Solicitor general by appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. During his time, he
won 14 of his 19 cases.
• In 1967 he was given one of the most prominent positions in the U.S. – he was
named a Supreme Court Justice, again earning his appointment through President
Johnson.
Thurgood Marshall
• Marshal was a justice of the highest U.S. court for nearly a quarter of a century.
• In 1991, he retired and was replaced by the conservative Justice Clarence
Thomas another African American. Marshall died in 1993, just two years after
retiring.
• He had one of the longest careers of fighting for equality in U.S. history, and
earned his place alongside Rosa Parks, King and others as a primary figure of
the Civil Rights Movement.
– Slide 1: The Civil Rights Movement: An African Perspective
– Slide 2: The Civil Rights Movement
– Slide 3: Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas
– Slide 4: Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas
– Slide 5: Rise and Strength of Civil Disobedience
– Slide 6: Rise and Strength of Civil Disobedience
– Slide 7: Rise and Strength of Civil Disobedience
– Slide 8: March on Washington
– Slide 9: March on Washington
– Slide 10: March on Washington
– Slide 11: Civil Rights Act of 1964
– Slide 12: Voting Rights Act of 1965
– Slide 13: The Courage of Rosa Parks
– Slide 14: The Courage of Rosa Parks
– Slide 15: The Dream of Martin Luther King
– Slide 16: The Dream of Martin Luther King
– Slide 17: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 18: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 19: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 20: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 21: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 22: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 23: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 24: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 25: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 26: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 27: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 28: The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
– Slide 29: The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
– Slide 30: The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
– Slide 31: The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
– Slide 32: The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
– Slide 33: Thurgood Marshall
– Slide 34: Thurgood Marshall
– Slide 35: Thurgood Marshall
– Slide 36: Thurgood Marshall
– Slide 37: Thurgood Marshall
**## DiscussionAssignment.docx**
Discussion: Brown vs Board of Education
The verdict in Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka Kansas was the beginning of the Civil Right movement. What was Brown vs Board of Education? Please discuss. Two pages.
This writing assignment will demonstrate a student’s ability of critical thinking and develop critical analysis and written in an appropriate essay format (Introduction, thesis statement, supportive evidence, conclusion) in the MLA or APA format.
**## BrownvsBoardofEducation-TheCivilRightsMovement.pdf**
The Civil Rights Movement: An African Perspective
• By the middle of the 20th century, African Americans were
beginning to act to reduce and eliminate the discrimination they
had suffered since the end of the Civil War.
• With Jim Crow laws and lynching being a persistent problem in the
southeastern States, while slums and barely masked racism were
common in the Northeastern States, it became clear the fight for
equality had to be waged on a mush stronger presence.
The Civil Rights Movement
• From this understanding, began the Civil Rights Movement.
• Owing to the ideas and works of people like Booker T Washington,
Washington Carver, and W.E. Dubois, a growing number of leaders rose
to help push the plight of African Americans to the forefront of public
consciousness.
• The fight for integration in the school system began in the middle of
the 1930s and was pressed by the NAACP.
Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas
• The NAACP pushed for dull integration to ensure that African Americans could
have the same opportunities and education as other Americans.
• The NAACP argued that segregation created and inherent inequality that would
persist as long as schools remained segregated.
• The chief counsel for the NAACP during the case was Thurgood Marshall, who
later become the first African American members of the Supreme Court.
• Marshall argued that African American students were given less protection under
law.
Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas
• The Supreme Court released guidelines on how to implement
integration a year after the landmark decision.
• This ruling was met with extreme resistance in the Southern
States that had fought so hard to maintain slavery.
• However, they were fighting on the wrong side of history and
were eventually forced to integrate all their schools.
Rise and Strength of Civil Disobedience
• The verdict in Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka Kansas was the beginning
of the movement.
• For the first time since the Civil War had ended, the U.S. Supreme Court
acknowledged that segregation created and inherent inequality.
• Having won a victory through the courts, several African American leaders
began to rise to the forefront of the movement.
Rise and Strength of Civil Disobedience
• With the courts showing their awareness to the inequality, civil
disobedience gained in popularity.
• Some of the most iconic pictures in U.S. history came from this period.
• African American were standing together against the police, politicians,
and the military.
Rise and Strength of Civil Disobedience
• African Americans stood in peace or boycotted in peace and
do not fight back even when their adversaries turned violent.
• The movement began following the Supreme Court’s
decision on 1954 and lasted through the end of the 1960s.
March on Washington
• One of the most memorable and larges events of the Civil Rights Movement occurred
on August 28, 1963.
• Over 250,000 demonstrators descended on the Washington Memorial in Washington,
D.C., in what is now known as the March on Washington for jobs and Freedom.
• The idea for such a large demonstration began with A. Philip Randolph near the end of
1962.
• Randolph wanted to bring all the civil rights leaders together to work toward both social
and economic equality.
March on
Washington
•As one of the primary leaders,
Randolph would need to
persuade five other to join
him:
•Roy Wilkins of the NAACP,
•Reverend Martin Luther King,
Jr.,
•Whitney Young Jr.,
• James Farmer, and
• John Lewis.
March on Washington
• The march began at the National Mall.
• The participants followed a set route, ending at the Lincoln Memorial.
• At the memorial, the leaders of the Civil Rights Movement spoke, with one
of the most famous speeches in American history ever delivered under the
eyes of the Lincoln Memorial:
• Martin Luther Kings’ “I Have a Dream” speech.
Civil Rights Act
of 1964
•The peaceful demonstration
in the nation’s capital saw
results the next year in the
form of the Civil Rights Act of
1964.
• (The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is
a landmark civil rights and
labor law in the United States
that outlaws discrimination
based on race, color, religion,
sex, or national origin).
Voting Rights
Act of 1965
• Congress reacted to the obvious display of
racism and discrimination that violates the right
of African Americans in the Southern States
with the passage of the Voting Rights Act of
1965.
• The successful march from Selma to
Birmingham occurred in March 1965.
• By the beginning of August of the same year,
President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act
not law.
• The act reiterated what should have been
guaranteed by the 15th Amendment, specifying
that it was illegal to, in any way, hinder rights of
citizens to register to vote, or deny them the
right to vote.
The Courage of
Rosa Parks
• Rosa Louise McCauley was born in 1913 in
Tuskegee, Alabama, she attended school
throughout much of her childhood.
• On 1st December 1955, Parks boarded a bus in
Montgomery, Alabama.
• After paying for the ride, she moved toward the
back of the bus and sat in the front of the
section marked for African Americans.
• As the bus moved through the city, the white
section filled up quickly.
• Bus drivers had the right to assign seats, but
they were not allowed to force passengers to
stand so that others could sit if there were no
other seats available.
The Courage of
Rosa Parks
• The bus driver James F. Blake, moved the
African American designation sign and said
that the seats were now to be given to the
white men.
• When Rosa Park refused to move to
accommodate the driver’s new designation,
he called the police who then arrested Rosa
Parks.
• Three day after Parks’ arrest, the
Montgomery Bus Boycott was announced.
• One of the organizers of this boycott was
Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.
The Dream of
Martin Luther
King
• Born I 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia, he
was the child of a minister, which
helped shape the person he would
become as an adult.
• Though he was dedicated to
nonviolence, those fought against
were not averse it.
• On 3rd April 1968, he gave his last
speech, known as his “I have been to
the Mountaintop” speech, to a crowd
in Memphis, Tennessee.
The Dream of
Martin Luther
King
• He told them I have seen the promised
land.
• I may not get there with you. But I
want you to know tonight that we, as
a people, will get to the promised
land.”
• The next day he was assassinated by
James Earl Ray.
• Today, King is the only American not a
President to have a federal holiday in
his honor.
The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
• Malcolm X was unlike any of the other figures in the Civil Rights Movement.
• While many of the leaders came from the Deep South, Malcolm Little was
born in Omaha, Nebraska, in May of 1925, as one of eight children.
• Like King, he was the son of an outspoken minister.
• Unlike King’s father, Little’s father was a supporter of the teaching of Marcus
Garvey.
The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
• This unpopular stance with segregationists and white supremacists led
to frequent threats to the Little family, resulting in them moving twice
before the young Civil Rights leader was four years old.
• Despite trying to escape the threats, the family’s home in Lansing,
Michigan was burned down in 1929.
• Earl Little, Malcolm Little’s father, was found dead in 1931.
• Both the arson and murder accounts were ignored, with the law
enforcement officials calling both tragedies accidents.
The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
• Because of the incidents, Louise Little, Malcolm Little’s mother, suffered mental
trauma.
• A few years after the death of her husband, she was committed to a mental
institution.
• Her children were sent to relatives and orphanages.
• Having spent most of his early life surrounded by misfortune because of his family’s
skin color and belief, Malcolm was less willing to negotiate with the terrorists who
had destroyed his family.
The Trials and
Change of Heart
of Malcolm X
• By 1946, Little was living in Boston, where
he and a friend were arrested on burglary
charged.
• He would serve seven of the ten years he
was sentenced to.
• During this time, Malcolm began to reflect
on his life and decided to further his
education.
• Inspired by his brother, Reginal, he
converted to being a Muslim.
The Trials and
Change of Heart
of Malcolm X
• He joined the Nation of Islam,
and studied under Elijah
Muhammed.
• Muhammed taught the
Caucasians worked to keep
African Americans in a state of
inequality.
• Because of his father believed in
the teaching of Garvey, Malcolm
would come to believe that
African Americans would need to
find their own way in a place
away from the white people who
oppressed him.
The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
• By the time he was released from prison in 1952, Malcolm had changed his
surname to the one by which he is known today – Malcolm X.
• He said that little was the name that was given to his family while they were in
slavery, and he would not continue to use it.
• Since there was no record of what his family’s name was originally, he chose X
to show that his history was lost because of the oppression of the U.S.
The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
• Malcolm X was a gifted, intelligent, and charismatic figure.
• He denied the teachings of Christians who had used their religion to justify,
first slavery, and then the treatment of African Americans as lesser citizens.
• As a result, Malcolm X was tasked with helping to establish mosques around
the country, notably in Detroit and Harlem.
• His appeal attracted a far greater number of people than anticipated.
The Trials and
Change of Heart
of Malcolm X
• Because of the he articulated the
beliefs of his religion and the potential
for the future, the members of the
Nation of Islam grew from 500 to more
than 30,000 between 1952 and 1963.
• However, his words and actions were
not part of the civil disobedience
carried out by so many others during
the Civil Rights Movement.
• In 1959, he appeared on a TV show
titled The Hate That Hate Produced.
The Trials and
Change of Heart
of Malcolm X
• Once it was over, X had not only
become the face of the Islamic
African American Movement, had
had come to the attention of the
federal government.
• The FBI began to track and monitor
him, from a distance at first, then
infiltrating his inner circle.
• FBI bugged the locations where he
was and conducted wiretaps on X.
The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
• Being disappointed by his mentor committing adultery, Malcolm X founded
his own organization in 1964, the Muslim Mosque, Inc. and took a
pilgrimage to Mecca.
• On his travels abroad, he found the thing he had believed for so long could
be overcome that integration was possible when people’s hearts and minds
were touched.
• This was a result of his positive encounters with “blond-haired, blue-eyed
men I could call my brothers,” according to X.
The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
• Upon his return, his message was to the American people, not just African
American.
• Malcolm X’s home was firebombed in 1965. The following week, three assassins
shot him 15 times onstage at the Manhattan’s Audubon Ballroom.
• He died before reaching the hospital.
• More than 1,000 people attended his funeral. The following year, the three
assassins faced charges of first-degree murder and were found guilty.
The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
• Although Rosa Parks is the most famous woman in the Civil Rights
Movement, her actions on December 1, 1955, might not have had
nearly the impact they had if not for the efforts of Dorothy Height.
• Unlike many of the other Civil Rights leaders who focused on equality
for African Americans, Height focused on rights for women.
• Height often worked with Civil Rights leaders to forward the rights of
women.
The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
• Height was born in Richmond, Virginia, in 1912.
• She was still young when her family moved to Pennsylvania where she went to an
integrated school.
• Later she was accepted to New York University and she went on to earn her bachelor’s and
master’s degree there.
• After college, she became a social worker until 1937 when she joined the Harlem Yong
Women Christian’s Association (YWCA).
The Calm
Dignity of
Dorothy Height
• While working there, she met Mary
McLeod Bethune, one of the founders on
the National Council of Negro Women, and
Eleanor Roosevelt.
• After the meeting she join the organization
NCNW.
• She was instrumental in the integration of
the YWCA in 1946 and was one of the
people to establish the Center for Racial
Justice in 1965.
• She led the Center until 1977.
The Calm
Dignity of
Dorothy Height
• Height worked with the leader of the
Montgomery chapter.
• She began the organization of a
boycott against the Montgomery
public transportation for illegal and
unethical treatment of African
Americans.
• From this event, she would become
instrumental in the Civil Rights
Movement, more behind the seen
rather than in public.
The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
• She was one of the primary organizers of the March on Washington, standing
beside King when he gave his infamous speech “I Have a Dream”.
• She was one of the founding members of the National Women’s Political Caucus,
even as she continued to lead the YWCA.
• Over the next few decades, almost every American President would recognize
her, even Bill Clinton.
• She died on April 20, 2010.
Thurgood Marshall
• Thurgood Marshall was first a defender of equal rights for African Americans.
• Born in 1908 in Baltimore, Maryland.
• He attended Lincoln University, having graduate from Lincoln University with
honors, any school would be lucky to have Marshall as a law student.
• However, the University of Maryland Law School declined his application
purely based on his race.
Thurgood Marshall
• Howard University accepted him and that was when he began his work toward ensuring civil
rights, long before the Civil Rights Movement began.
•
• In 1933, he graduated magna cum laude. He became a legal counsel for the NAACP.
• One of his first cases mirrored his own experience with colleges in the U.S. – Murray vs.
• Pearson focused on the denial of a student base on his race instead of academic qualifications.
• It was one of his first major victories, occurring just three years after he graduated from laws
school.
Thurgood Marshall
• Later that year he moved to New York City to work for the NAACP full-time.
• There he became one of the most successful and well-known attorneys.
• In 1940, he spoke in front of the U.S. Supreme Court for Chambers vs. Florida
• Perhaps his biggest case was Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas.
• He helped to win for the NAACP, making him one of the earliest proponents of the Civil
Rights Movement.
Thurgood Marshall
• Marshall earned a title in 1961 that had never been held by an African American-
as a justice on the U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals, appointed by President
John F. Kennedy.
• Four years later he was given an even more prominent position as the U.S.
Solicitor general by appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. During his time, he
won 14 of his 19 cases.
• In 1967 he was given one of the most prominent positions in the U.S. – he was
named a Supreme Court Justice, again earning his appointment through President
Johnson.
Thurgood Marshall
• Marshal was a justice of the highest U.S. court for nearly a quarter of a century.
• In 1991, he retired and was replaced by the conservative Justice Clarence
Thomas another African American. Marshall died in 1993, just two years after
retiring.
• He had one of the longest careers of fighting for equality in U.S. history, and
earned his place alongside Rosa Parks, King and others as a primary figure of
the Civil Rights Movement.
– Slide 1: The Civil Rights Movement: An African Perspective
– Slide 2: The Civil Rights Movement
– Slide 3: Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas
– Slide 4: Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas
– Slide 5: Rise and Strength of Civil Disobedience
– Slide 6: Rise and Strength of Civil Disobedience
– Slide 7: Rise and Strength of Civil Disobedience
– Slide 8: March on Washington
– Slide 9: March on Washington
– Slide 10: March on Washington
– Slide 11: Civil Rights Act of 1964
– Slide 12: Voting Rights Act of 1965
– Slide 13: The Courage of Rosa Parks
– Slide 14: The Courage of Rosa Parks
– Slide 15: The Dream of Martin Luther King
– Slide 16: The Dream of Martin Luther King
– Slide 17: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 18: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 19: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 20: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 21: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 22: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 23: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 24: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 25: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 26: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 27: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 28: The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
– Slide 29: The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
– Slide 30: The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
– Slide 31: The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
– Slide 32: The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
– Slide 33: Thurgood Marshall
– Slide 34: Thurgood Marshall
– Slide 35: Thurgood Marshall
– Slide 36: Thurgood Marshall
– Slide 37: Thurgood Marshall
**## DiscussionAssignment.docx**
Discussion: Brown vs Board of Education
The verdict in Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka Kansas was the beginning of the Civil Right movement. What was Brown vs Board of Education? Please discuss. Two pages.
This writing assignment will demonstrate a student’s ability of critical thinking and develop critical analysis and written in an appropriate essay format (Introduction, thesis statement, supportive evidence, conclusion) in the MLA or APA format.
**## BrownvsBoardofEducation-TheCivilRightsMovement.pdf**
The Civil Rights Movement: An African Perspective
• By the middle of the 20th century, African Americans were
beginning to act to reduce and eliminate the discrimination they
had suffered since the end of the Civil War.
• With Jim Crow laws and lynching being a persistent problem in the
southeastern States, while slums and barely masked racism were
common in the Northeastern States, it became clear the fight for
equality had to be waged on a mush stronger presence.
The Civil Rights Movement
• From this understanding, began the Civil Rights Movement.
• Owing to the ideas and works of people like Booker T Washington,
Washington Carver, and W.E. Dubois, a growing number of leaders rose
to help push the plight of African Americans to the forefront of public
consciousness.
• The fight for integration in the school system began in the middle of
the 1930s and was pressed by the NAACP.
Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas
• The NAACP pushed for dull integration to ensure that African Americans could
have the same opportunities and education as other Americans.
• The NAACP argued that segregation created and inherent inequality that would
persist as long as schools remained segregated.
• The chief counsel for the NAACP during the case was Thurgood Marshall, who
later become the first African American members of the Supreme Court.
• Marshall argued that African American students were given less protection under
law.
Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas
• The Supreme Court released guidelines on how to implement
integration a year after the landmark decision.
• This ruling was met with extreme resistance in the Southern
States that had fought so hard to maintain slavery.
• However, they were fighting on the wrong side of history and
were eventually forced to integrate all their schools.
Rise and Strength of Civil Disobedience
• The verdict in Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka Kansas was the beginning
of the movement.
• For the first time since the Civil War had ended, the U.S. Supreme Court
acknowledged that segregation created and inherent inequality.
• Having won a victory through the courts, several African American leaders
began to rise to the forefront of the movement.
Rise and Strength of Civil Disobedience
• With the courts showing their awareness to the inequality, civil
disobedience gained in popularity.
• Some of the most iconic pictures in U.S. history came from this period.
• African American were standing together against the police, politicians,
and the military.
Rise and Strength of Civil Disobedience
• African Americans stood in peace or boycotted in peace and
do not fight back even when their adversaries turned violent.
• The movement began following the Supreme Court’s
decision on 1954 and lasted through the end of the 1960s.
March on Washington
• One of the most memorable and larges events of the Civil Rights Movement occurred
on August 28, 1963.
• Over 250,000 demonstrators descended on the Washington Memorial in Washington,
D.C., in what is now known as the March on Washington for jobs and Freedom.
• The idea for such a large demonstration began with A. Philip Randolph near the end of
1962.
• Randolph wanted to bring all the civil rights leaders together to work toward both social
and economic equality.
March on
Washington
•As one of the primary leaders,
Randolph would need to
persuade five other to join
him:
•Roy Wilkins of the NAACP,
•Reverend Martin Luther King,
Jr.,
•Whitney Young Jr.,
• James Farmer, and
• John Lewis.
March on Washington
• The march began at the National Mall.
• The participants followed a set route, ending at the Lincoln Memorial.
• At the memorial, the leaders of the Civil Rights Movement spoke, with one
of the most famous speeches in American history ever delivered under the
eyes of the Lincoln Memorial:
• Martin Luther Kings’ “I Have a Dream” speech.
Civil Rights Act
of 1964
•The peaceful demonstration
in the nation’s capital saw
results the next year in the
form of the Civil Rights Act of
1964.
• (The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is
a landmark civil rights and
labor law in the United States
that outlaws discrimination
based on race, color, religion,
sex, or national origin).
Voting Rights
Act of 1965
• Congress reacted to the obvious display of
racism and discrimination that violates the right
of African Americans in the Southern States
with the passage of the Voting Rights Act of
1965.
• The successful march from Selma to
Birmingham occurred in March 1965.
• By the beginning of August of the same year,
President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act
not law.
• The act reiterated what should have been
guaranteed by the 15th Amendment, specifying
that it was illegal to, in any way, hinder rights of
citizens to register to vote, or deny them the
right to vote.
The Courage of
Rosa Parks
• Rosa Louise McCauley was born in 1913 in
Tuskegee, Alabama, she attended school
throughout much of her childhood.
• On 1st December 1955, Parks boarded a bus in
Montgomery, Alabama.
• After paying for the ride, she moved toward the
back of the bus and sat in the front of the
section marked for African Americans.
• As the bus moved through the city, the white
section filled up quickly.
• Bus drivers had the right to assign seats, but
they were not allowed to force passengers to
stand so that others could sit if there were no
other seats available.
The Courage of
Rosa Parks
• The bus driver James F. Blake, moved the
African American designation sign and said
that the seats were now to be given to the
white men.
• When Rosa Park refused to move to
accommodate the driver’s new designation,
he called the police who then arrested Rosa
Parks.
• Three day after Parks’ arrest, the
Montgomery Bus Boycott was announced.
• One of the organizers of this boycott was
Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.
The Dream of
Martin Luther
King
• Born I 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia, he
was the child of a minister, which
helped shape the person he would
become as an adult.
• Though he was dedicated to
nonviolence, those fought against
were not averse it.
• On 3rd April 1968, he gave his last
speech, known as his “I have been to
the Mountaintop” speech, to a crowd
in Memphis, Tennessee.
The Dream of
Martin Luther
King
• He told them I have seen the promised
land.
• I may not get there with you. But I
want you to know tonight that we, as
a people, will get to the promised
land.”
• The next day he was assassinated by
James Earl Ray.
• Today, King is the only American not a
President to have a federal holiday in
his honor.
The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
• Malcolm X was unlike any of the other figures in the Civil Rights Movement.
• While many of the leaders came from the Deep South, Malcolm Little was
born in Omaha, Nebraska, in May of 1925, as one of eight children.
• Like King, he was the son of an outspoken minister.
• Unlike King’s father, Little’s father was a supporter of the teaching of Marcus
Garvey.
The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
• This unpopular stance with segregationists and white supremacists led
to frequent threats to the Little family, resulting in them moving twice
before the young Civil Rights leader was four years old.
• Despite trying to escape the threats, the family’s home in Lansing,
Michigan was burned down in 1929.
• Earl Little, Malcolm Little’s father, was found dead in 1931.
• Both the arson and murder accounts were ignored, with the law
enforcement officials calling both tragedies accidents.
The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
• Because of the incidents, Louise Little, Malcolm Little’s mother, suffered mental
trauma.
• A few years after the death of her husband, she was committed to a mental
institution.
• Her children were sent to relatives and orphanages.
• Having spent most of his early life surrounded by misfortune because of his family’s
skin color and belief, Malcolm was less willing to negotiate with the terrorists who
had destroyed his family.
The Trials and
Change of Heart
of Malcolm X
• By 1946, Little was living in Boston, where
he and a friend were arrested on burglary
charged.
• He would serve seven of the ten years he
was sentenced to.
• During this time, Malcolm began to reflect
on his life and decided to further his
education.
• Inspired by his brother, Reginal, he
converted to being a Muslim.
The Trials and
Change of Heart
of Malcolm X
• He joined the Nation of Islam,
and studied under Elijah
Muhammed.
• Muhammed taught the
Caucasians worked to keep
African Americans in a state of
inequality.
• Because of his father believed in
the teaching of Garvey, Malcolm
would come to believe that
African Americans would need to
find their own way in a place
away from the white people who
oppressed him.
The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
• By the time he was released from prison in 1952, Malcolm had changed his
surname to the one by which he is known today – Malcolm X.
• He said that little was the name that was given to his family while they were in
slavery, and he would not continue to use it.
• Since there was no record of what his family’s name was originally, he chose X
to show that his history was lost because of the oppression of the U.S.
The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
• Malcolm X was a gifted, intelligent, and charismatic figure.
• He denied the teachings of Christians who had used their religion to justify,
first slavery, and then the treatment of African Americans as lesser citizens.
• As a result, Malcolm X was tasked with helping to establish mosques around
the country, notably in Detroit and Harlem.
• His appeal attracted a far greater number of people than anticipated.
The Trials and
Change of Heart
of Malcolm X
• Because of the he articulated the
beliefs of his religion and the potential
for the future, the members of the
Nation of Islam grew from 500 to more
than 30,000 between 1952 and 1963.
• However, his words and actions were
not part of the civil disobedience
carried out by so many others during
the Civil Rights Movement.
• In 1959, he appeared on a TV show
titled The Hate That Hate Produced.
The Trials and
Change of Heart
of Malcolm X
• Once it was over, X had not only
become the face of the Islamic
African American Movement, had
had come to the attention of the
federal government.
• The FBI began to track and monitor
him, from a distance at first, then
infiltrating his inner circle.
• FBI bugged the locations where he
was and conducted wiretaps on X.
The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
• Being disappointed by his mentor committing adultery, Malcolm X founded
his own organization in 1964, the Muslim Mosque, Inc. and took a
pilgrimage to Mecca.
• On his travels abroad, he found the thing he had believed for so long could
be overcome that integration was possible when people’s hearts and minds
were touched.
• This was a result of his positive encounters with “blond-haired, blue-eyed
men I could call my brothers,” according to X.
The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
• Upon his return, his message was to the American people, not just African
American.
• Malcolm X’s home was firebombed in 1965. The following week, three assassins
shot him 15 times onstage at the Manhattan’s Audubon Ballroom.
• He died before reaching the hospital.
• More than 1,000 people attended his funeral. The following year, the three
assassins faced charges of first-degree murder and were found guilty.
The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
• Although Rosa Parks is the most famous woman in the Civil Rights
Movement, her actions on December 1, 1955, might not have had
nearly the impact they had if not for the efforts of Dorothy Height.
• Unlike many of the other Civil Rights leaders who focused on equality
for African Americans, Height focused on rights for women.
• Height often worked with Civil Rights leaders to forward the rights of
women.
The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
• Height was born in Richmond, Virginia, in 1912.
• She was still young when her family moved to Pennsylvania where she went to an
integrated school.
• Later she was accepted to New York University and she went on to earn her bachelor’s and
master’s degree there.
• After college, she became a social worker until 1937 when she joined the Harlem Yong
Women Christian’s Association (YWCA).
The Calm
Dignity of
Dorothy Height
• While working there, she met Mary
McLeod Bethune, one of the founders on
the National Council of Negro Women, and
Eleanor Roosevelt.
• After the meeting she join the organization
NCNW.
• She was instrumental in the integration of
the YWCA in 1946 and was one of the
people to establish the Center for Racial
Justice in 1965.
• She led the Center until 1977.
The Calm
Dignity of
Dorothy Height
• Height worked with the leader of the
Montgomery chapter.
• She began the organization of a
boycott against the Montgomery
public transportation for illegal and
unethical treatment of African
Americans.
• From this event, she would become
instrumental in the Civil Rights
Movement, more behind the seen
rather than in public.
The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
• She was one of the primary organizers of the March on Washington, standing
beside King when he gave his infamous speech “I Have a Dream”.
• She was one of the founding members of the National Women’s Political Caucus,
even as she continued to lead the YWCA.
• Over the next few decades, almost every American President would recognize
her, even Bill Clinton.
• She died on April 20, 2010.
Thurgood Marshall
• Thurgood Marshall was first a defender of equal rights for African Americans.
• Born in 1908 in Baltimore, Maryland.
• He attended Lincoln University, having graduate from Lincoln University with
honors, any school would be lucky to have Marshall as a law student.
• However, the University of Maryland Law School declined his application
purely based on his race.
Thurgood Marshall
• Howard University accepted him and that was when he began his work toward ensuring civil
rights, long before the Civil Rights Movement began.
•
• In 1933, he graduated magna cum laude. He became a legal counsel for the NAACP.
• One of his first cases mirrored his own experience with colleges in the U.S. – Murray vs.
• Pearson focused on the denial of a student base on his race instead of academic qualifications.
• It was one of his first major victories, occurring just three years after he graduated from laws
school.
Thurgood Marshall
• Later that year he moved to New York City to work for the NAACP full-time.
• There he became one of the most successful and well-known attorneys.
• In 1940, he spoke in front of the U.S. Supreme Court for Chambers vs. Florida
• Perhaps his biggest case was Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas.
• He helped to win for the NAACP, making him one of the earliest proponents of the Civil
Rights Movement.
Thurgood Marshall
• Marshall earned a title in 1961 that had never been held by an African American-
as a justice on the U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals, appointed by President
John F. Kennedy.
• Four years later he was given an even more prominent position as the U.S.
Solicitor general by appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. During his time, he
won 14 of his 19 cases.
• In 1967 he was given one of the most prominent positions in the U.S. – he was
named a Supreme Court Justice, again earning his appointment through President
Johnson.
Thurgood Marshall
• Marshal was a justice of the highest U.S. court for nearly a quarter of a century.
• In 1991, he retired and was replaced by the conservative Justice Clarence
Thomas another African American. Marshall died in 1993, just two years after
retiring.
• He had one of the longest careers of fighting for equality in U.S. history, and
earned his place alongside Rosa Parks, King and others as a primary figure of
the Civil Rights Movement.
– Slide 1: The Civil Rights Movement: An African Perspective
– Slide 2: The Civil Rights Movement
– Slide 3: Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas
– Slide 4: Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas
– Slide 5: Rise and Strength of Civil Disobedience
– Slide 6: Rise and Strength of Civil Disobedience
– Slide 7: Rise and Strength of Civil Disobedience
– Slide 8: March on Washington
– Slide 9: March on Washington
– Slide 10: March on Washington
– Slide 11: Civil Rights Act of 1964
– Slide 12: Voting Rights Act of 1965
– Slide 13: The Courage of Rosa Parks
– Slide 14: The Courage of Rosa Parks
– Slide 15: The Dream of Martin Luther King
– Slide 16: The Dream of Martin Luther King
– Slide 17: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 18: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 19: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 20: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 21: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 22: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 23: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 24: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 25: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 26: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 27: The Trials and Change of Heart of Malcolm X
– Slide 28: The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
– Slide 29: The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
– Slide 30: The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
– Slide 31: The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
– Slide 32: The Calm Dignity of Dorothy Height
– Slide 33: Thurgood Marshall
– Slide 34: Thurgood Marshall
– Slide 35: Thurgood Marshall
– Slide 36: Thurgood Marshall
– Slide 37: Thurgood Marshall