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  • [Solved] Individual Audit Research Project

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    ## Individual Audit Research Project: Phase 1 – Research Proposal Development The purpose of this assignment is to guide you through the process of developing a comprehensive research proposal in the field of auditing. Using the **Phase 1 Guide** provided, you will identify a relevant auditing issue…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    ## Individual Audit Research Project: Phase 1 – Research Proposal Development
    The purpose of this assignment is to guide you through the process of developing a comprehensive research proposal in the field of auditing. Using the **Phase 1 Guide** provided, you will identify a relevant auditing issue, define your research objectives, formulate research questions, and develop hypotheses. This assignment will lay the foundation for your entire research project.
    ### Assignment Requirements
    #### Understanding the Auditing Issue:
    **Task**: Begin by identifying a specific area within the field of auditing that you find interesting and relevant. This could include research areas below:
    – The impact of AI on audit processes,
    – Cybersecurity risks
    – Audit quality in remote work environments
    – ESG auditing or other contemporary issues.
    – Effectiveness of Assurance Services Beyond Traditional Audits
    – Fraud Examination Techniques and Auditor Involvement
    – Internal Auditors' Independence and Interaction with External Auditors
    – Auditors' Reporting Responsibilities and Modifications in Audit Reports
    – Audit Sampling Methods and Their Effectiveness
    – Finance and Investment Cycle Misstatement Risks
    – Inventory Audit Practices and Risk Management
    – Material Misstatement Risks in Payroll Processes
    – Risks and Controls in the Acquisition and Expenditure Cycle
    – Current Developments in Auditor Liability
    – Civil and Criminal Liability of Auditors Post-Securities Acts
    – Auditors' Exposure to Lawsuits and Judgment Patterns
    – Penalties and Their Deterrent Effect in Accounting Malpractice
    – Impact of Regulatory Bodies on Accounting Ethics Compliance
    – Ethical Decision-Making in Accounting and Auditing
    **Deliverable**: Write a 100-200-word summary that explains why you chose this area, its importance to the auditing field, and how it relates to current trends or gaps in the literature.
    #### Define Your Research Objectives
    **Task**: Clearly define what you aim to achieve with your research. Consider the stakeholders who would benefit from your findings, such as audit firms, regulatory bodies, or financial institutions.
    **Deliverable**: Write a 50-150-word description of your research objectives, specifying the goals of your study and the potential impact on the field of auditing.
    #### Formulate Research Questions and Hypotheses
    **Task**: Based on your chosen area and objectives, develop three specific, focused research questions that your study will address.
    **Task**: For each research question, formulate at least one testable hypothesis. These should be based on existing literature or logical reasoning and should reflect your expectations for the outcomes of your research.
    **Deliverable**: Write each research question followed by the corresponding hypotheses. Include a brief rationale (2-3 sentences) for why you expect these outcomes, drawing on insights from your preliminary literature review.
    Outlined the Variables that will be used to determine or answer each hypothesis
    Each Hypothesis should have a dependent variable and a minimum 5 independent variables (the variables may alternate among the different hypotheses, or there can be different sets of variables for each question or hypothesis to test)
    Verify that the variables are among your data and provide the data source. (it should be from an approved data source WRDS or a source approved by your Professor)
    #### Preliminary Literature Review
    **Task**: Conduct a brief review of existing literature that relates to your research questions and hypotheses. Use the databases and resources suggested in the Phase 1 guide.
    **Justify the Research Significance:** Explain why your research is significant. Consider the gaps in the current literature, potential practical implications for the auditing field, and theoretical contributions.
    **Deliverable**: Write a 300-400-word literature review that summarizes the fundamental studies, theories, and methodologies relevant to your research. Emphasize any gaps in the literature that your study aims to address.
    **Create a Research Title:**
    **Task**: Based on your research questions and hypotheses, create a concise and descriptive title for your research proposal.
    **Formatting and Submission Guidelines:**
    **Format**: Your assignment should be formatted according to APA guidelines. This includes in-text citations and a reference list for your literature review.
    **Length**: The entire assignment should be between 1,000 and 1,200 words, excluding references.
    – **Submission**: Submit your completed assignment as a Word document via Canvas by the deadline.
    – Save your submission as " Lastname 1_Lastname2_Phase 1.docx
    **Evaluation Criteria:**
    **Clarity and Relevance**: How clearly have you defined the auditing issue, research objectives, and questions? Are the research questions and hypotheses relevant to the identified issue?
    **Depth of Analysis**: Does your literature review demonstrate a thorough understanding of existing research? Have you identified significant gaps in the literature?
    **Justification and Significance**: How well do you justify the importance of your research? Have you articulated the potential impact on the field of auditing?
    **APA Formatting**: Is your assignment properly formatted according to APA guidelines? Are all sources correctly cited?

  • [Solved] acct

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    In-depth study guidance and analytical solution covering acct.

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    Full assignment prompt and step-by-step guidance are included in the downloadable solution file.

  • [Solved] Healthcare Administration Change Leadership 1

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    ( IT CAN BE DONE ABOUT HIALEAH HOSPITAL AN HSA COMPANY , IT USE TO BE OWNED BY STEWARD BUT BANCARRUBT . THE DIRECTOR OF RADIOLOGY IS ARI AMAT THE INTERVIEW CAN BE OF HIM AND HIALEAH HOSPITAL) MIAMI FLORIDA.) **Assessment 1** **Interview With a Healthcare Leader** [**Instructions**](https://courseroo…

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    ( IT CAN BE DONE ABOUT HIALEAH HOSPITAL AN HSA COMPANY , IT USE TO BE OWNED BY STEWARD BUT BANCARRUBT . THE DIRECTOR OF RADIOLOGY IS ARI AMAT THE INTERVIEW CAN BE OF HIM AND HIALEAH HOSPITAL) MIAMI FLORIDA.)
    **Assessment 1**
    **Interview With a Healthcare Leader**
    [**Instructions**](https://courseroom.capella.edu/courses/47204/pages/assessment-1-instructions?module_item_id=2367473&content_id=856283)**:**Interview a local healthcare leader and write a 3-5 page synopsis and analysis of the interview.
    ## **Introduction**
    **Note:** The assessments in this course build upon the work you have completed in the previous assessments. Therefore, complete the assessments in the order in which they are presented and wait until you receive feedback, so that you may incorporate it into later assessments.
    The U.S. healthcare environment demands leaders who can successfully navigate the constantly changing political, social, and environmental forces that affect every healthcare organization today. Depending on the type of change desired, effective change leadership is essential for moving the organization toward desired outcomes.
    This assessment provides an opportunity for you to gain insight into how an organization responds to change and the influence on decision making of various change leadership theories.
    Interview a healthcare leader in your local community and address the following:
    – Provide the name and contact information of your interviewee.
    – Identify the purpose of the leader's organization and describe how this organization is changing in response to organizational, community, political, social, and global needs.
    – Describe how the organization monitors community wellness and anticipates community needs.
    – Describe how the organization measures success.
    – Analyze specific drivers of change identified by the leader and relate those drivers to the purpose of the organization.
    – Identify traditional leadership models that are predominantly used throughout the organization to prepare and support the organization through the change process.
    – Synthesize the concepts and practices of leading change that the organization uses to challenge the status quo, prepare the organization for change, and energize stakeholders for that change.
    ## **Assessment Requirements**
    – **Written Communication:** Written communication should be free of errors that detract from the overall message.
    – **APA Formatting:** Resources and in-text citations should be formatted according to current APA style and formatting. Refer to [Evidence and APAfor guidance.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=1540)
    – [**Font and Font Size:**Arial, 12-point, double-spaced. Use Microsoft Word.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=1540)
    – [**Number of Resources:**3–5 scholarly, peer-reviewed articles.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=1540)
    – [**Length:**5–6 pages.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=1540)
    ## **Competencies Measured**
    By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and scoring guide criteria:
    – Competency 1: Analytical Thinking: Develop complex plans or analyses.
    – Describe how an organization is changing in response to organizational, community, political, social, or global needs.
    – Competency 2: Change Leadership: Challenge the status quo.
    – Identify traditional leadership models that are predominantly used throughout an organization to prepare and support the organization through the change process.
    – Synthesize the concepts and practices of leading change that the organization uses.
    – Competency 3: Innovative Thinking: Apply "tried and true" concepts or trends.
    – Describe how an organization monitors community wellness and anticipates community needs.
    – Competency 4: Process Management and Organizational Design: Benchmark good processes and practices.
    – Describe how the organization measures success.
    – Competency 5: Performance Measurement: Use evidence-based approaches to support community wellness.
    – Analyze how specific drivers of change relate to the purpose of an organization.
    – Competency 6: Communicate effectively with diverse audiences, in an appropriate form and style, consistent with applicable organizational, professional, and scholarly standards.
    – Communicate effectively by integrating research into written documents that follow APA format and use the consistent grammar, punctuation, and mechanics expected of a healthcare professional.

  • [Solved] Business

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    Please see attachment for instructions. Readings also attached. – ## Untitleddocument18.pdf – ## ThereIsPowerinaUnionTheNation.pdf – ## Amazon_MonopolyorMonopsony__TheBullBearpdfversion.pdf – TurningtheTablesClass1.pdf **## Untitleddocument18.pdf** Please answer the following questions. Answers s…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    Please see attachment for instructions. Readings also attached.

    – ## Untitleddocument18.pdf

    – ## ThereIsPowerinaUnionTheNation.pdf

    – ## Amazon_MonopolyorMonopsony__TheBullBearpdfversion.pdf

    – TurningtheTablesClass1.pdf

    **## Untitleddocument18.pdf**

    Please answer the following questions. Answers should be written in paragraph form,
    with multiple sentences and incorporate course readings, videos and other materials

    1. Based on the ‘Turning the Tables’ reading excerpt, how would you characterize
    the legal and political environment in which collective bargaining is taking place?

    2. How does the article, ‘There is Power in the Union,’ and the Department of Labor
    (DOL) economist video challenge Friedman’s argument? Explain.

    3. Summarize the essential elements of Milton Friedman’s argument about unions
    in the video, ‘The Real-World Effects Of Unions.’ What counter
    evidence/arguments are presented by the article on Amazon Monopsony?

    For question #3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzYgiOC9cj4
    Other readings are attached. Please ONLY use the readings that I provided. Do not use
    any other resources.

    [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzYgiOC9cj4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzYgiOC9cj4)

    **## ThereIsPowerinaUnionTheNation.pdf**

    6/9/20, 2:38 PMThere Is Power in a Union | The Nation

    Page 1 of 7https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/there-is-power-in-a-union/?print=1

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    INEQUALITY UNIONS THE SCORE JUNE 18-25, 2018, ISSUE

    By Mike Konczal

    MAY 23, 2018

    fb tw mail Print

    There Is Power in a Union
    A new study overturns economic orthodoxy and shows that
    unions reduce inequality.

    (Tracy Matsue Loeffelholz)

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    [https://www.thenation.com/](https://www.thenation.com/)

    [https://www.thenation.com/subject/inequality/](https://www.thenation.com/subject/inequality/)

    [https://www.thenation.com/keyword/unions/](https://www.thenation.com/keyword/unions/)

    [https://www.thenation.com/content/the-score/](https://www.thenation.com/content/the-score/)

    [https://www.thenation.com/issue/june-18-25-2018-issue/](https://www.thenation.com/issue/june-18-25-2018-issue/)

    [https://www.thenation.com/authors/mike-konczal/](https://www.thenation.com/authors/mike-konczal/)

    [https://twitter.com/@rortybomb](https://twitter.com/@rortybomb)

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    6/9/20, 2:38 PMThere Is Power in a Union | The Nation

    Page 2 of 7https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/there-is-power-in-a-union/?print=1

    FF or a period of 40 years, something managed to keep

    inequality in check in the United States. From 1940

    to 1980, the richest 1 percent took home 9 percent of

    the wealth generated by the economy. Today, just as

    they did in the 1920s, the top 1 percent grabs about

    double that share. Surprisingly, the cause of this

    midcentury “Great Compression” has been largely

    neglected by economists, with many of them casually

    dismissing the role of unions.

    One influential theory, especially among pundits, is that

    the supply of skilled workers curbed the growth of

    income inequality. Starting in the 1940s, the argument

    goes, the increasing education of the American

    workforce propelled a broad prosperity. Another recent

    account, associated with the economist Thomas Piketty,

    maintains that the devastation of World War II drove

    down the returns on capital.

    But a groundbreaking new paper, “Unions and

    Inequality Over the Twentieth Century: New Evidence

    From Survey Data,” written by the economists Henry

    Farber, Dan Herbst, Ilyana Kuziemko, and Suresh

    Naidu, proposes a different engine for that broad

    prosperity: unions. The growth of union membership—

    to a height of nearly 30 percent in 1955, before falling

    [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/29/opinion/29brooks.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/29/opinion/29brooks.html)

    [http://www.nber.org/papers/w24587](http://www.nber.org/papers/w24587)

    6/9/20, 2:38 PMThere Is Power in a Union | The Nation

    Page 3 of 7https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/there-is-power-in-a-union/?print=1

    to its current low of 10.7 percent—explains the Great

    Compression every bit as much as theories about

    education or any other single factor.

    It may surprise some readers that economists consider

    the statement “unions help workers” a revelation akin

    to discovering general relativity. (Another recent

    finding, “where you grow up matters,” has also shaken

    the economics establishment to its core.) But

    economists haven’t had the necessary data to study

    unions in any depth. Detailed data on education goes

    back to the 1940s, but the government only introduced

    questions tracking union status in 1973. Yet the authors

    of “Unions and Inequality” newly applied a Gallup data

    set that allowed them to analyze workers back to the

    1930s.

    READ MORE

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    Harry Dodge’s ‘My Meteorite’ Is Like a Wonderful

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    6/9/20, 2:38 PMThere Is Power in a Union | The Nation

    Page 4 of 7https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/there-is-power-in-a-union/?print=1

    Before this paper, economists generally believed that

    unions largely helped the most skilled and educated

    workers—i.e., those who already had higher wages.

    Many economists insisted that unions work by creating

    insiders who benefit at the expense of outsiders—in

    other words, those who get in the union receive a

    premium, while those outside the union are denied

    opportunities. This theory implies that, since unions

    merely transfer wealth among workers, they wouldn’t

    lower inequality overall and might even slow economic

    growth. But the new paper pushes back on all these

    notions.

    It turns out that, at their peak, unions were

    disproportionately made up of the least-skilled workers

    and people of color. Historians continue to debate how

    racially segregated unions were in this period, but this

    new research finds that nonwhites became more likely

    than whites to be in a union starting in the early 1940s,

    and that this trend continued until the late 1970s.

    (People of color also received a higher union premium.)

    This rise in union membership among people of color

    begins around 1941, when President Franklin Roosevelt

    desegregated the defense industry with Executive

    Order 8802, a move designed to stop a march on

    Washington planned by civil-rights leaders. As Suresh

    Naidu, one of the paper’s authors, told The Nation,

    “Starting around World War II, labor unions became no

    [http://www.pbs.org/fmc/timeline/eexec8802.htm](http://www.pbs.org/fmc/timeline/eexec8802.htm)

    6/9/20, 2:38 PMThere Is Power in a Union | The Nation

    Page 5 of 7https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/there-is-power-in-a-union/?print=1

    Mike Konczal Mike Konczal is a contributor to The Nation and a
    director at the Roosevelt Institute, where he focuses on inequality,
    unemployment, and new economic ideas.

    more likely to be white than the labor market as a

    whole. Union households would go on to become less

    likely to be white up and through the civil-rights

    movement.”

    Most economists have also been wrong about unions

    and wealth distribution. If unions were largely about

    helping insiders at the expense of outsiders, they

    wouldn’t bring down every indicator of economic

    inequality—but that’s what happened with the Gini

    coefficient, the 90-to-10 ratio, and the rest of the

    jargon-heavy measures of inequality. The paper also

    reveals that decreasing inequality doesn’t reduce

    economic growth: The researchers couldn’t find a single

    model in which the economy slowed because of a high

    union share.

    These results should end the simplistic tales in which

    education alone challenges the dominance of the 1

    percent. If we want to change whom our economy

    works for, we must change who gets to exercise power.

    And this paper makes it clear: There is power in a

    union.

    [https://www.thenation.com/authors/mike-konczal/](https://www.thenation.com/authors/mike-konczal/)

    [https://twitter.com/@rortybomb](https://twitter.com/@rortybomb)

    **## Amazon_MonopolyorMonopsony__TheBullBearpdfversion.pdf**

    1/26/25, 4:14 PMAmazon: Monopoly or Monopsony? | The Bull & Bear

    Page 1 of 3https://bullandbearmcgill.com/amazon-monopoly-or-monopsony/

    I
    n October 2020, the US House Democrats’ antitrust subcommittee published a 449-page

    report(https://fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/resources/editorialfiles/2020/10/06/investigation_of_competition_in_digital_markets_majority_sta!_report_and_recommendations.pdf)

    describing their view that big tech companies Apple, Facebook, Google and Amazon possess unfair market power.

    Discussions of whether big tech companies wield monopoly power have been growing in intensity, exemplified by the

    recent FTC lawsuit against Facebook(https://bullandbearmcgill.com/monopolies-in-a-modern-world-implications-of-the-antitrust-lawsuit-

    against-facebook/).

    The issue of Amazon’s market power is a more complex one. On the surface, it may appear foolish to paint Amazon as a

    monopoly given that it provides consumers access to seemingly endless amounts of products at low prices from a wide

    array of suppliers/third-party sellers. Behind the scenes however, signs point to Amazon wielding a di!erent type of

    market power – monopsony power.

    (https://bullandbearmcgill.com/)

    M C G I L L ' S S T U D E N T – R U N N E W S M A G A Z I N E

    B Y ( J U L I A N R O B I N S O N J U L I A N R O B I N S O N ) J U L I A N R O B I N S O N / J A N U A R Y 3 0 , 2 0 2 1

    AMAZON: MONOPOLY OR
    MONOPSONY?

    i

    [https://fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/resources/editorialfiles/2020/10/06/investigation_of_competition_in_digital_markets_majority_staff_report_and_recommendations.pdf](https://fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/resources/editorialfiles/2020/10/06/investigation_of_competition_in_digital_markets_majority_staff_report_and_recommendations.pdf)

    [https://bullandbearmcgill.com/monopolies-in-a-modern-world-implications-of-the-antitrust-lawsuit-against-facebook/](https://bullandbearmcgill.com/monopolies-in-a-modern-world-implications-of-the-antitrust-lawsuit-against-facebook/)

    [https://bullandbearmcgill.com/](https://bullandbearmcgill.com/)

    [https://bullandbearmcgill.com/amazon-monopoly-or-monopsony/Julian%20RobinsonJulian%20Robinson](https://bullandbearmcgill.com/amazon-monopoly-or-monopsony/Julian%20RobinsonJulian%20Robinson)

    [https://bullandbearmcgill.com/author/julian-robinson/](https://bullandbearmcgill.com/author/julian-robinson/)

    1/26/25, 4:14 PMAmazon: Monopoly or Monopsony? | The Bull & Bear

    Page 2 of 3https://bullandbearmcgill.com/amazon-monopoly-or-monopsony/

    A monopsony(https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/monopsony.asp), as opposed to a monopoly, is a situation where there is

    only a single buyer for a good or service. Amazon reflects this in two respects: its interactions with its third-party sellers

    and its behaviour in the labour market.

    Beginning with its suppliers, the House subcommittee estimated that Amazon controls around 50%

    (https://fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/resources/editorialfiles/2020/10/06/investigation_of_competition_in_digital_markets_majority_sta!_report_and_recommendations.pdf)

    of the e-commerce market. Given Amazon’s massive user base, Amazon is the main and possibly only choice for many

    smaller companies to sell their wares. This is a telltale sign of monopsony power since no other e-commerce company

    has a grip on the market like Amazon’s. No other company has a user base like Amazon’s; therefore, Amazon can keep

    prices for its suppliers’ products very low. The flip side is that by suppressing product prices in this way, Amazon has

    shrunk the profit margins of some of its third-party sellers to very thin levels(https://prospect.org/economy/amazon-controls-

    marketplace/).

    This issue came to a head in 2014 when Amazon found itself in a dispute(https://www.fastcompany.com/90352975/why-

    monopsonies-not-monopolies-are-the-tech-industrys-biggest-threat) with book publisher Hachette. Amazon argued that it should

    be able to sell e-books at whatever price it wanted and when Hachette disagreed, Amazon halted sales of Hachette’s

    books – a tactic enabled by Amazon’s secure hold on the market.

    “ it is also true that since some third-party sellers’ profit margins are being kept so
    low, that they may be unable to innovate or be forced to provide a less than ideal product
    to keep costs low

    ”To the contrary, a case can be made that Amazon operating this way is exactly what makes it such a great service for

    consumers. In response to the House subcommittee report, Amazon made the

    argument(https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/policy-news-views/fringe-notions-on-antitrust-would-destroy-small-businesses-and-hurt-

    consumers) that it is not abusing its market power since it gives consumers access to a wide range of products at low

    prices and gives sellers access to a large consumer base. While this is true it one sense, it is also true that since some

    third-party sellers’ profit margins are being kept so low, that they may be unable to innovate or be forced to provide a

    less than ideal product(https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/05/amazon-antitrust-monopoly.html) to keep costs low.

    Another way that Amazon’s monopsony power reveals itself is through Amazon’s labour market activity. Amazon has

    around 798,000 employees(https://www.statista.com/statistics/234488/number-of-amazon-

    employees/#:~:text=In%202019%2C%20the%20American%20multinational,dollars%20in%202019%20net%20revenues.) in the US alone.

    Amazon has also come under fire from politicians and workers alike over working

    conditions(https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/feb/05/amazon-workers-protest-unsafe-grueling-conditions-warehouse),

    resistance to unionization(https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/24/how-amazon-prevents-unions-by-surveilling-employee-activism.html) and

    some workers being unable to pay their bills(https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-12-17/amazon-amzn-job-pay-rate-

    leaves-some-warehouse-employees-homeless). In a more competitive market, it may not be possible for a firm to act this way

    but the reality is that in many, especially smaller communities, Amazon is the main or only employer of warehouse

    workers.

    Surprise came for many, when Amazon decided to raise its minimum wage(https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/02/amazon-raises-

    minimum-wage-to-15-for-all-us-employees.html) for US employees to $15 and vowed to use its lobbying power to push for an

    increase in the federal minimum wage. It would be naïve to assume that this was an act of altruism, since in many ways

    it was a clever business decision and an example of Amazon using its monopsony position.

    “ Beneath the surface of Amazon’s easy-to-use and convenient online store, lies
    potentially harmful treatment of its third-party sellers and its workers

    ”First, the pay raise may have been an attempt to stall growing e!orts for unionization. Additionally, Amazon is

    positioned better to absorb increased labour costs than its competitors. Amazon is then able to drive other warehouse-

    based companies’ profits down, while maintaining its own profits through its massive share of the e-commerce market

    and its other successful business activities. The fact that Amazon was able to introduce a pay rise like this implies

    monopsony power in itself, since such an option is likely too costly for smaller firms. While a pay raise may improve

    [https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/monopsony.asp](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/monopsony.asp)

    [https://fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/resources/editorialfiles/2020/10/06/investigation_of_competition_in_digital_markets_majority_staff_report_and_recommendations.pdf](https://fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/resources/editorialfiles/2020/10/06/investigation_of_competition_in_digital_markets_majority_staff_report_and_recommendations.pdf)

    [https://prospect.org/economy/amazon-controls-marketplace/](https://prospect.org/economy/amazon-controls-marketplace/)

    [https://www.fastcompany.com/90352975/why-monopsonies-not-monopolies-are-the-tech-industrys-biggest-threat](https://www.fastcompany.com/90352975/why-monopsonies-not-monopolies-are-the-tech-industrys-biggest-threat)

    [https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/policy-news-views/fringe-notions-on-antitrust-would-destroy-small-businesses-and-hurt-consumers](https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/policy-news-views/fringe-notions-on-antitrust-would-destroy-small-businesses-and-hurt-consumers)

    [https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/05/amazon-antitrust-monopoly.html](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/05/amazon-antitrust-monopoly.html)

    [https://www.statista.com/statistics/234488/number-of-amazon-employees/#:~:text=In%202019%2C%20the%20American%20multinational,dollars%20in%202019%20net%20revenues.](https://www.statista.com/statistics/234488/number-of-amazon-employees/#:~:text=In%202019%2C%20the%20American%20multinational,dollars%20in%202019%20net%20revenues.)

    [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/feb/05/amazon-workers-protest-unsafe-grueling-conditions-warehouse](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/feb/05/amazon-workers-protest-unsafe-grueling-conditions-warehouse)

    [https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/24/how-amazon-prevents-unions-by-surveilling-employee-activism.html](https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/24/how-amazon-prevents-unions-by-surveilling-employee-activism.html)

    [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-12-17/amazon-amzn-job-pay-rate-leaves-some-warehouse-employees-homeless](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-12-17/amazon-amzn-job-pay-rate-leaves-some-warehouse-employees-homeless)

    [https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/02/amazon-raises-minimum-wage-to-15-for-all-us-employees.html](https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/02/amazon-raises-minimum-wage-to-15-for-all-us-employees.html)

    1/26/25, 4:14 PMAmazon: Monopoly or Monopsony? | The Bull & Bear

    Page 3 of 3https://bullandbearmcgill.com/amazon-monopoly-or-monopsony/

    workers’ standard of living for now, in the long-run monopsony power is known to lead to downward pressure on

    wages(https://www.economist.com/united-states/2018/10/04/amazons-15-minimum-wage-is-welcome), and in Amazon’s case poor

    working conditions also.

    Like Facebook, Amazon is an example of a big tech company with massive market power, although in a di!erent sense.

    Beneath the surface of Amazon’s easy-to-use and convenient online store, lies potentially harmful treatment of its third-

    party sellers and its workers. This stems from Amazon’s monopsony power, a less heard-of term than monopoly, but an

    equally important one. With a new, Biden administration o"ce in the US, it may prove more di"cult for tech giants like

    Amazon to keep a hold on their market power(https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/23/what-the-biden-administration-means-for-

    amazon.html) and the debate over how best to regulate tech firms like this is bound to continue. Monopsony as well as

    monopoly power should be kept in mind as these issues continue to play out.

    [https://www.economist.com/united-states/2018/10/04/amazons-15-minimum-wage-is-welcome](https://www.economist.com/united-states/2018/10/04/amazons-15-minimum-wage-is-welcome)

    [https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/23/what-the-biden-administration-means-for-amazon.html](https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/23/what-the-biden-administration-means-for-amazon.html)

    **TurningtheTablesClass1.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/turningthetablesclass1-pdf)

    **TurningtheTablesClass1.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/turningthetablesclass1-pdf)

    **## Untitleddocument18.pdf**

    Please answer the following questions. Answers should be written in paragraph form,
    with multiple sentences and incorporate course readings, videos and other materials

    1. Based on the ‘Turning the Tables’ reading excerpt, how would you characterize
    the legal and political environment in which collective bargaining is taking place?

    2. How does the article, ‘There is Power in the Union,’ and the Department of Labor
    (DOL) economist video challenge Friedman’s argument? Explain.

    3. Summarize the essential elements of Milton Friedman’s argument about unions
    in the video, ‘The Real-World Effects Of Unions.’ What counter
    evidence/arguments are presented by the article on Amazon Monopsony?

    For question #3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzYgiOC9cj4
    Other readings are attached. Please ONLY use the readings that I provided. Do not use
    any other resources.

    [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzYgiOC9cj4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzYgiOC9cj4)

    **## ThereIsPowerinaUnionTheNation.pdf**

    6/9/20, 2:38 PMThere Is Power in a Union | The Nation

    Page 1 of 7https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/there-is-power-in-a-union/?print=1

    Toggle Menu

    INEQUALITY UNIONS THE SCORE JUNE 18-25, 2018, ISSUE

    By Mike Konczal

    MAY 23, 2018

    fb tw mail Print

    There Is Power in a Union
    A new study overturns economic orthodoxy and shows that
    unions reduce inequality.

    (Tracy Matsue Loeffelholz)

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    [https://www.thenation.com/keyword/unions/](https://www.thenation.com/keyword/unions/)

    [https://www.thenation.com/content/the-score/](https://www.thenation.com/content/the-score/)

    [https://www.thenation.com/issue/june-18-25-2018-issue/](https://www.thenation.com/issue/june-18-25-2018-issue/)

    [https://www.thenation.com/authors/mike-konczal/](https://www.thenation.com/authors/mike-konczal/)

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    6/9/20, 2:38 PMThere Is Power in a Union | The Nation

    Page 2 of 7https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/there-is-power-in-a-union/?print=1

    FF or a period of 40 years, something managed to keep

    inequality in check in the United States. From 1940

    to 1980, the richest 1 percent took home 9 percent of

    the wealth generated by the economy. Today, just as

    they did in the 1920s, the top 1 percent grabs about

    double that share. Surprisingly, the cause of this

    midcentury “Great Compression” has been largely

    neglected by economists, with many of them casually

    dismissing the role of unions.

    One influential theory, especially among pundits, is that

    the supply of skilled workers curbed the growth of

    income inequality. Starting in the 1940s, the argument

    goes, the increasing education of the American

    workforce propelled a broad prosperity. Another recent

    account, associated with the economist Thomas Piketty,

    maintains that the devastation of World War II drove

    down the returns on capital.

    But a groundbreaking new paper, “Unions and

    Inequality Over the Twentieth Century: New Evidence

    From Survey Data,” written by the economists Henry

    Farber, Dan Herbst, Ilyana Kuziemko, and Suresh

    Naidu, proposes a different engine for that broad

    prosperity: unions. The growth of union membership—

    to a height of nearly 30 percent in 1955, before falling

    [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/29/opinion/29brooks.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/29/opinion/29brooks.html)

    [http://www.nber.org/papers/w24587](http://www.nber.org/papers/w24587)

    6/9/20, 2:38 PMThere Is Power in a Union | The Nation

    Page 3 of 7https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/there-is-power-in-a-union/?print=1

    to its current low of 10.7 percent—explains the Great

    Compression every bit as much as theories about

    education or any other single factor.

    It may surprise some readers that economists consider

    the statement “unions help workers” a revelation akin

    to discovering general relativity. (Another recent

    finding, “where you grow up matters,” has also shaken

    the economics establishment to its core.) But

    economists haven’t had the necessary data to study

    unions in any depth. Detailed data on education goes

    back to the 1940s, but the government only introduced

    questions tracking union status in 1973. Yet the authors

    of “Unions and Inequality” newly applied a Gallup data

    set that allowed them to analyze workers back to the

    1930s.

    READ MORE

    TOP ARTICLES 1/5

    Harry Dodge’s ‘My Meteorite’ Is Like a Wonderful

    Sculpture

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    6/9/20, 2:38 PMThere Is Power in a Union | The Nation

    Page 4 of 7https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/there-is-power-in-a-union/?print=1

    Before this paper, economists generally believed that

    unions largely helped the most skilled and educated

    workers—i.e., those who already had higher wages.

    Many economists insisted that unions work by creating

    insiders who benefit at the expense of outsiders—in

    other words, those who get in the union receive a

    premium, while those outside the union are denied

    opportunities. This theory implies that, since unions

    merely transfer wealth among workers, they wouldn’t

    lower inequality overall and might even slow economic

    growth. But the new paper pushes back on all these

    notions.

    It turns out that, at their peak, unions were

    disproportionately made up of the least-skilled workers

    and people of color. Historians continue to debate how

    racially segregated unions were in this period, but this

    new research finds that nonwhites became more likely

    than whites to be in a union starting in the early 1940s,

    and that this trend continued until the late 1970s.

    (People of color also received a higher union premium.)

    This rise in union membership among people of color

    begins around 1941, when President Franklin Roosevelt

    desegregated the defense industry with Executive

    Order 8802, a move designed to stop a march on

    Washington planned by civil-rights leaders. As Suresh

    Naidu, one of the paper’s authors, told The Nation,

    “Starting around World War II, labor unions became no

    [http://www.pbs.org/fmc/timeline/eexec8802.htm](http://www.pbs.org/fmc/timeline/eexec8802.htm)

    6/9/20, 2:38 PMThere Is Power in a Union | The Nation

    Page 5 of 7https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/there-is-power-in-a-union/?print=1

    Mike Konczal Mike Konczal is a contributor to The Nation and a
    director at the Roosevelt Institute, where he focuses on inequality,
    unemployment, and new economic ideas.

    more likely to be white than the labor market as a

    whole. Union households would go on to become less

    likely to be white up and through the civil-rights

    movement.”

    Most economists have also been wrong about unions

    and wealth distribution. If unions were largely about

    helping insiders at the expense of outsiders, they

    wouldn’t bring down every indicator of economic

    inequality—but that’s what happened with the Gini

    coefficient, the 90-to-10 ratio, and the rest of the

    jargon-heavy measures of inequality. The paper also

    reveals that decreasing inequality doesn’t reduce

    economic growth: The researchers couldn’t find a single

    model in which the economy slowed because of a high

    union share.

    These results should end the simplistic tales in which

    education alone challenges the dominance of the 1

    percent. If we want to change whom our economy

    works for, we must change who gets to exercise power.

    And this paper makes it clear: There is power in a

    union.

    [https://www.thenation.com/authors/mike-konczal/](https://www.thenation.com/authors/mike-konczal/)

    [https://twitter.com/@rortybomb](https://twitter.com/@rortybomb)

    **## Amazon_MonopolyorMonopsony__TheBullBearpdfversion.pdf**

    1/26/25, 4:14 PMAmazon: Monopoly or Monopsony? | The Bull & Bear

    Page 1 of 3https://bullandbearmcgill.com/amazon-monopoly-or-monopsony/

    I
    n October 2020, the US House Democrats’ antitrust subcommittee published a 449-page

    report(https://fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/resources/editorialfiles/2020/10/06/investigation_of_competition_in_digital_markets_majority_sta!_report_and_recommendations.pdf)

    describing their view that big tech companies Apple, Facebook, Google and Amazon possess unfair market power.

    Discussions of whether big tech companies wield monopoly power have been growing in intensity, exemplified by the

    recent FTC lawsuit against Facebook(https://bullandbearmcgill.com/monopolies-in-a-modern-world-implications-of-the-antitrust-lawsuit-

    against-facebook/).

    The issue of Amazon’s market power is a more complex one. On the surface, it may appear foolish to paint Amazon as a

    monopoly given that it provides consumers access to seemingly endless amounts of products at low prices from a wide

    array of suppliers/third-party sellers. Behind the scenes however, signs point to Amazon wielding a di!erent type of

    market power – monopsony power.

    (https://bullandbearmcgill.com/)

    M C G I L L ' S S T U D E N T – R U N N E W S M A G A Z I N E

    B Y ( J U L I A N R O B I N S O N J U L I A N R O B I N S O N ) J U L I A N R O B I N S O N / J A N U A R Y 3 0 , 2 0 2 1

    AMAZON: MONOPOLY OR
    MONOPSONY?

    i

    [https://fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/resources/editorialfiles/2020/10/06/investigation_of_competition_in_digital_markets_majority_staff_report_and_recommendations.pdf](https://fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/resources/editorialfiles/2020/10/06/investigation_of_competition_in_digital_markets_majority_staff_report_and_recommendations.pdf)

    [https://bullandbearmcgill.com/monopolies-in-a-modern-world-implications-of-the-antitrust-lawsuit-against-facebook/](https://bullandbearmcgill.com/monopolies-in-a-modern-world-implications-of-the-antitrust-lawsuit-against-facebook/)

    [https://bullandbearmcgill.com/](https://bullandbearmcgill.com/)

    [https://bullandbearmcgill.com/amazon-monopoly-or-monopsony/Julian%20RobinsonJulian%20Robinson](https://bullandbearmcgill.com/amazon-monopoly-or-monopsony/Julian%20RobinsonJulian%20Robinson)

    [https://bullandbearmcgill.com/author/julian-robinson/](https://bullandbearmcgill.com/author/julian-robinson/)

    1/26/25, 4:14 PMAmazon: Monopoly or Monopsony? | The Bull & Bear

    Page 2 of 3https://bullandbearmcgill.com/amazon-monopoly-or-monopsony/

    A monopsony(https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/monopsony.asp), as opposed to a monopoly, is a situation where there is

    only a single buyer for a good or service. Amazon reflects this in two respects: its interactions with its third-party sellers

    and its behaviour in the labour market.

    Beginning with its suppliers, the House subcommittee estimated that Amazon controls around 50%

    (https://fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/resources/editorialfiles/2020/10/06/investigation_of_competition_in_digital_markets_majority_sta!_report_and_recommendations.pdf)

    of the e-commerce market. Given Amazon’s massive user base, Amazon is the main and possibly only choice for many

    smaller companies to sell their wares. This is a telltale sign of monopsony power since no other e-commerce company

    has a grip on the market like Amazon’s. No other company has a user base like Amazon’s; therefore, Amazon can keep

    prices for its suppliers’ products very low. The flip side is that by suppressing product prices in this way, Amazon has

    shrunk the profit margins of some of its third-party sellers to very thin levels(https://prospect.org/economy/amazon-controls-

    marketplace/).

    This issue came to a head in 2014 when Amazon found itself in a dispute(https://www.fastcompany.com/90352975/why-

    monopsonies-not-monopolies-are-the-tech-industrys-biggest-threat) with book publisher Hachette. Amazon argued that it should

    be able to sell e-books at whatever price it wanted and when Hachette disagreed, Amazon halted sales of Hachette’s

    books – a tactic enabled by Amazon’s secure hold on the market.

    “ it is also true that since some third-party sellers’ profit margins are being kept so
    low, that they may be unable to innovate or be forced to provide a less than ideal product
    to keep costs low

    ”To the contrary, a case can be made that Amazon operating this way is exactly what makes it such a great service for

    consumers. In response to the House subcommittee report, Amazon made the

    argument(https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/policy-news-views/fringe-notions-on-antitrust-would-destroy-small-businesses-and-hurt-

    consumers) that it is not abusing its market power since it gives consumers access to a wide range of products at low

    prices and gives sellers access to a large consumer base. While this is true it one sense, it is also true that since some

    third-party sellers’ profit margins are being kept so low, that they may be unable to innovate or be forced to provide a

    less than ideal product(https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/05/amazon-antitrust-monopoly.html) to keep costs low.

    Another way that Amazon’s monopsony power reveals itself is through Amazon’s labour market activity. Amazon has

    around 798,000 employees(https://www.statista.com/statistics/234488/number-of-amazon-

    employees/#:~:text=In%202019%2C%20the%20American%20multinational,dollars%20in%202019%20net%20revenues.) in the US alone.

    Amazon has also come under fire from politicians and workers alike over working

    conditions(https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/feb/05/amazon-workers-protest-unsafe-grueling-conditions-warehouse),

    resistance to unionization(https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/24/how-amazon-prevents-unions-by-surveilling-employee-activism.html) and

    some workers being unable to pay their bills(https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-12-17/amazon-amzn-job-pay-rate-

    leaves-some-warehouse-employees-homeless). In a more competitive market, it may not be possible for a firm to act this way

    but the reality is that in many, especially smaller communities, Amazon is the main or only employer of warehouse

    workers.

    Surprise came for many, when Amazon decided to raise its minimum wage(https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/02/amazon-raises-

    minimum-wage-to-15-for-all-us-employees.html) for US employees to $15 and vowed to use its lobbying power to push for an

    increase in the federal minimum wage. It would be naïve to assume that this was an act of altruism, since in many ways

    it was a clever business decision and an example of Amazon using its monopsony position.

    “ Beneath the surface of Amazon’s easy-to-use and convenient online store, lies
    potentially harmful treatment of its third-party sellers and its workers

    ”First, the pay raise may have been an attempt to stall growing e!orts for unionization. Additionally, Amazon is

    positioned better to absorb increased labour costs than its competitors. Amazon is then able to drive other warehouse-

    based companies’ profits down, while maintaining its own profits through its massive share of the e-commerce market

    and its other successful business activities. The fact that Amazon was able to introduce a pay rise like this implies

    monopsony power in itself, since such an option is likely too costly for smaller firms. While a pay raise may improve

    [https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/monopsony.asp](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/monopsony.asp)

    [https://fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/resources/editorialfiles/2020/10/06/investigation_of_competition_in_digital_markets_majority_staff_report_and_recommendations.pdf](https://fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/resources/editorialfiles/2020/10/06/investigation_of_competition_in_digital_markets_majority_staff_report_and_recommendations.pdf)

    [https://prospect.org/economy/amazon-controls-marketplace/](https://prospect.org/economy/amazon-controls-marketplace/)

    [https://www.fastcompany.com/90352975/why-monopsonies-not-monopolies-are-the-tech-industrys-biggest-threat](https://www.fastcompany.com/90352975/why-monopsonies-not-monopolies-are-the-tech-industrys-biggest-threat)

    [https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/policy-news-views/fringe-notions-on-antitrust-would-destroy-small-businesses-and-hurt-consumers](https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/policy-news-views/fringe-notions-on-antitrust-would-destroy-small-businesses-and-hurt-consumers)

    [https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/05/amazon-antitrust-monopoly.html](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/05/amazon-antitrust-monopoly.html)

    [https://www.statista.com/statistics/234488/number-of-amazon-employees/#:~:text=In%202019%2C%20the%20American%20multinational,dollars%20in%202019%20net%20revenues.](https://www.statista.com/statistics/234488/number-of-amazon-employees/#:~:text=In%202019%2C%20the%20American%20multinational,dollars%20in%202019%20net%20revenues.)

    [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/feb/05/amazon-workers-protest-unsafe-grueling-conditions-warehouse](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/feb/05/amazon-workers-protest-unsafe-grueling-conditions-warehouse)

    [https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/24/how-amazon-prevents-unions-by-surveilling-employee-activism.html](https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/24/how-amazon-prevents-unions-by-surveilling-employee-activism.html)

    [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-12-17/amazon-amzn-job-pay-rate-leaves-some-warehouse-employees-homeless](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-12-17/amazon-amzn-job-pay-rate-leaves-some-warehouse-employees-homeless)

    [https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/02/amazon-raises-minimum-wage-to-15-for-all-us-employees.html](https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/02/amazon-raises-minimum-wage-to-15-for-all-us-employees.html)

    1/26/25, 4:14 PMAmazon: Monopoly or Monopsony? | The Bull & Bear

    Page 3 of 3https://bullandbearmcgill.com/amazon-monopoly-or-monopsony/

    workers’ standard of living for now, in the long-run monopsony power is known to lead to downward pressure on

    wages(https://www.economist.com/united-states/2018/10/04/amazons-15-minimum-wage-is-welcome), and in Amazon’s case poor

    working conditions also.

    Like Facebook, Amazon is an example of a big tech company with massive market power, although in a di!erent sense.

    Beneath the surface of Amazon’s easy-to-use and convenient online store, lies potentially harmful treatment of its third-

    party sellers and its workers. This stems from Amazon’s monopsony power, a less heard-of term than monopoly, but an

    equally important one. With a new, Biden administration o"ce in the US, it may prove more di"cult for tech giants like

    Amazon to keep a hold on their market power(https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/23/what-the-biden-administration-means-for-

    amazon.html) and the debate over how best to regulate tech firms like this is bound to continue. Monopsony as well as

    monopoly power should be kept in mind as these issues continue to play out.

    [https://www.economist.com/united-states/2018/10/04/amazons-15-minimum-wage-is-welcome](https://www.economist.com/united-states/2018/10/04/amazons-15-minimum-wage-is-welcome)

    [https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/23/what-the-biden-administration-means-for-amazon.html](https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/23/what-the-biden-administration-means-for-amazon.html)

    **TurningtheTablesClass1.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/turningthetablesclass1-pdf)

    **## Untitleddocument18.pdf**

    Please answer the following questions. Answers should be written in paragraph form,
    with multiple sentences and incorporate course readings, videos and other materials

    1. Based on the ‘Turning the Tables’ reading excerpt, how would you characterize
    the legal and political environment in which collective bargaining is taking place?

    2. How does the article, ‘There is Power in the Union,’ and the Department of Labor
    (DOL) economist video challenge Friedman’s argument? Explain.

    3. Summarize the essential elements of Milton Friedman’s argument about unions
    in the video, ‘The Real-World Effects Of Unions.’ What counter
    evidence/arguments are presented by the article on Amazon Monopsony?

    For question #3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzYgiOC9cj4
    Other readings are attached. Please ONLY use the readings that I provided. Do not use
    any other resources.

    [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzYgiOC9cj4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzYgiOC9cj4)

    **## ThereIsPowerinaUnionTheNation.pdf**

    6/9/20, 2:38 PMThere Is Power in a Union | The Nation

    Page 1 of 7https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/there-is-power-in-a-union/?print=1

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    INEQUALITY UNIONS THE SCORE JUNE 18-25, 2018, ISSUE

    By Mike Konczal

    MAY 23, 2018

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    There Is Power in a Union
    A new study overturns economic orthodoxy and shows that
    unions reduce inequality.

    (Tracy Matsue Loeffelholz)

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    6/9/20, 2:38 PMThere Is Power in a Union | The Nation

    Page 2 of 7https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/there-is-power-in-a-union/?print=1

    FF or a period of 40 years, something managed to keep

    inequality in check in the United States. From 1940

    to 1980, the richest 1 percent took home 9 percent of

    the wealth generated by the economy. Today, just as

    they did in the 1920s, the top 1 percent grabs about

    double that share. Surprisingly, the cause of this

    midcentury “Great Compression” has been largely

    neglected by economists, with many of them casually

    dismissing the role of unions.

    One influential theory, especially among pundits, is that

    the supply of skilled workers curbed the growth of

    income inequality. Starting in the 1940s, the argument

    goes, the increasing education of the American

    workforce propelled a broad prosperity. Another recent

    account, associated with the economist Thomas Piketty,

    maintains that the devastation of World War II drove

    down the returns on capital.

    But a groundbreaking new paper, “Unions and

    Inequality Over the Twentieth Century: New Evidence

    From Survey Data,” written by the economists Henry

    Farber, Dan Herbst, Ilyana Kuziemko, and Suresh

    Naidu, proposes a different engine for that broad

    prosperity: unions. The growth of union membership—

    to a height of nearly 30 percent in 1955, before falling

    [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/29/opinion/29brooks.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/29/opinion/29brooks.html)

    [http://www.nber.org/papers/w24587](http://www.nber.org/papers/w24587)

    6/9/20, 2:38 PMThere Is Power in a Union | The Nation

    Page 3 of 7https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/there-is-power-in-a-union/?print=1

    to its current low of 10.7 percent—explains the Great

    Compression every bit as much as theories about

    education or any other single factor.

    It may surprise some readers that economists consider

    the statement “unions help workers” a revelation akin

    to discovering general relativity. (Another recent

    finding, “where you grow up matters,” has also shaken

    the economics establishment to its core.) But

    economists haven’t had the necessary data to study

    unions in any depth. Detailed data on education goes

    back to the 1940s, but the government only introduced

    questions tracking union status in 1973. Yet the authors

    of “Unions and Inequality” newly applied a Gallup data

    set that allowed them to analyze workers back to the

    1930s.

    READ MORE

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    Harry Dodge’s ‘My Meteorite’ Is Like a Wonderful

    Sculpture

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    6/9/20, 2:38 PMThere Is Power in a Union | The Nation

    Page 4 of 7https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/there-is-power-in-a-union/?print=1

    Before this paper, economists generally believed that

    unions largely helped the most skilled and educated

    workers—i.e., those who already had higher wages.

    Many economists insisted that unions work by creating

    insiders who benefit at the expense of outsiders—in

    other words, those who get in the union receive a

    premium, while those outside the union are denied

    opportunities. This theory implies that, since unions

    merely transfer wealth among workers, they wouldn’t

    lower inequality overall and might even slow economic

    growth. But the new paper pushes back on all these

    notions.

    It turns out that, at their peak, unions were

    disproportionately made up of the least-skilled workers

    and people of color. Historians continue to debate how

    racially segregated unions were in this period, but this

    new research finds that nonwhites became more likely

    than whites to be in a union starting in the early 1940s,

    and that this trend continued until the late 1970s.

    (People of color also received a higher union premium.)

    This rise in union membership among people of color

    begins around 1941, when President Franklin Roosevelt

    desegregated the defense industry with Executive

    Order 8802, a move designed to stop a march on

    Washington planned by civil-rights leaders. As Suresh

    Naidu, one of the paper’s authors, told The Nation,

    “Starting around World War II, labor unions became no

    [http://www.pbs.org/fmc/timeline/eexec8802.htm](http://www.pbs.org/fmc/timeline/eexec8802.htm)

    6/9/20, 2:38 PMThere Is Power in a Union | The Nation

    Page 5 of 7https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/there-is-power-in-a-union/?print=1

    Mike Konczal Mike Konczal is a contributor to The Nation and a
    director at the Roosevelt Institute, where he focuses on inequality,
    unemployment, and new economic ideas.

    more likely to be white than the labor market as a

    whole. Union households would go on to become less

    likely to be white up and through the civil-rights

    movement.”

    Most economists have also been wrong about unions

    and wealth distribution. If unions were largely about

    helping insiders at the expense of outsiders, they

    wouldn’t bring down every indicator of economic

    inequality—but that’s what happened with the Gini

    coefficient, the 90-to-10 ratio, and the rest of the

    jargon-heavy measures of inequality. The paper also

    reveals that decreasing inequality doesn’t reduce

    economic growth: The researchers couldn’t find a single

    model in which the economy slowed because of a high

    union share.

    These results should end the simplistic tales in which

    education alone challenges the dominance of the 1

    percent. If we want to change whom our economy

    works for, we must change who gets to exercise power.

    And this paper makes it clear: There is power in a

    union.

    [https://www.thenation.com/authors/mike-konczal/](https://www.thenation.com/authors/mike-konczal/)

    [https://twitter.com/@rortybomb](https://twitter.com/@rortybomb)

    **## Amazon_MonopolyorMonopsony__TheBullBearpdfversion.pdf**

    1/26/25, 4:14 PMAmazon: Monopoly or Monopsony? | The Bull & Bear

    Page 1 of 3https://bullandbearmcgill.com/amazon-monopoly-or-monopsony/

    I
    n October 2020, the US House Democrats’ antitrust subcommittee published a 449-page

    report(https://fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/resources/editorialfiles/2020/10/06/investigation_of_competition_in_digital_markets_majority_sta!_report_and_recommendations.pdf)

    describing their view that big tech companies Apple, Facebook, Google and Amazon possess unfair market power.

    Discussions of whether big tech companies wield monopoly power have been growing in intensity, exemplified by the

    recent FTC lawsuit against Facebook(https://bullandbearmcgill.com/monopolies-in-a-modern-world-implications-of-the-antitrust-lawsuit-

    against-facebook/).

    The issue of Amazon’s market power is a more complex one. On the surface, it may appear foolish to paint Amazon as a

    monopoly given that it provides consumers access to seemingly endless amounts of products at low prices from a wide

    array of suppliers/third-party sellers. Behind the scenes however, signs point to Amazon wielding a di!erent type of

    market power – monopsony power.

    (https://bullandbearmcgill.com/)

    M C G I L L ' S S T U D E N T – R U N N E W S M A G A Z I N E

    B Y ( J U L I A N R O B I N S O N J U L I A N R O B I N S O N ) J U L I A N R O B I N S O N / J A N U A R Y 3 0 , 2 0 2 1

    AMAZON: MONOPOLY OR
    MONOPSONY?

    i

    [https://fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/resources/editorialfiles/2020/10/06/investigation_of_competition_in_digital_markets_majority_staff_report_and_recommendations.pdf](https://fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/resources/editorialfiles/2020/10/06/investigation_of_competition_in_digital_markets_majority_staff_report_and_recommendations.pdf)

    [https://bullandbearmcgill.com/monopolies-in-a-modern-world-implications-of-the-antitrust-lawsuit-against-facebook/](https://bullandbearmcgill.com/monopolies-in-a-modern-world-implications-of-the-antitrust-lawsuit-against-facebook/)

    [https://bullandbearmcgill.com/](https://bullandbearmcgill.com/)

    [https://bullandbearmcgill.com/amazon-monopoly-or-monopsony/Julian%20RobinsonJulian%20Robinson](https://bullandbearmcgill.com/amazon-monopoly-or-monopsony/Julian%20RobinsonJulian%20Robinson)

    [https://bullandbearmcgill.com/author/julian-robinson/](https://bullandbearmcgill.com/author/julian-robinson/)

    1/26/25, 4:14 PMAmazon: Monopoly or Monopsony? | The Bull & Bear

    Page 2 of 3https://bullandbearmcgill.com/amazon-monopoly-or-monopsony/

    A monopsony(https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/monopsony.asp), as opposed to a monopoly, is a situation where there is

    only a single buyer for a good or service. Amazon reflects this in two respects: its interactions with its third-party sellers

    and its behaviour in the labour market.

    Beginning with its suppliers, the House subcommittee estimated that Amazon controls around 50%

    (https://fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/resources/editorialfiles/2020/10/06/investigation_of_competition_in_digital_markets_majority_sta!_report_and_recommendations.pdf)

    of the e-commerce market. Given Amazon’s massive user base, Amazon is the main and possibly only choice for many

    smaller companies to sell their wares. This is a telltale sign of monopsony power since no other e-commerce company

    has a grip on the market like Amazon’s. No other company has a user base like Amazon’s; therefore, Amazon can keep

    prices for its suppliers’ products very low. The flip side is that by suppressing product prices in this way, Amazon has

    shrunk the profit margins of some of its third-party sellers to very thin levels(https://prospect.org/economy/amazon-controls-

    marketplace/).

    This issue came to a head in 2014 when Amazon found itself in a dispute(https://www.fastcompany.com/90352975/why-

    monopsonies-not-monopolies-are-the-tech-industrys-biggest-threat) with book publisher Hachette. Amazon argued that it should

    be able to sell e-books at whatever price it wanted and when Hachette disagreed, Amazon halted sales of Hachette’s

    books – a tactic enabled by Amazon’s secure hold on the market.

    “ it is also true that since some third-party sellers’ profit margins are being kept so
    low, that they may be unable to innovate or be forced to provide a less than ideal product
    to keep costs low

    ”To the contrary, a case can be made that Amazon operating this way is exactly what makes it such a great service for

    consumers. In response to the House subcommittee report, Amazon made the

    argument(https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/policy-news-views/fringe-notions-on-antitrust-would-destroy-small-businesses-and-hurt-

    consumers) that it is not abusing its market power since it gives consumers access to a wide range of products at low

    prices and gives sellers access to a large consumer base. While this is true it one sense, it is also true that since some

    third-party sellers’ profit margins are being kept so low, that they may be unable to innovate or be forced to provide a

    less than ideal product(https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/05/amazon-antitrust-monopoly.html) to keep costs low.

    Another way that Amazon’s monopsony power reveals itself is through Amazon’s labour market activity. Amazon has

    around 798,000 employees(https://www.statista.com/statistics/234488/number-of-amazon-

    employees/#:~:text=In%202019%2C%20the%20American%20multinational,dollars%20in%202019%20net%20revenues.) in the US alone.

    Amazon has also come under fire from politicians and workers alike over working

    conditions(https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/feb/05/amazon-workers-protest-unsafe-grueling-conditions-warehouse),

    resistance to unionization(https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/24/how-amazon-prevents-unions-by-surveilling-employee-activism.html) and

    some workers being unable to pay their bills(https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-12-17/amazon-amzn-job-pay-rate-

    leaves-some-warehouse-employees-homeless). In a more competitive market, it may not be possible for a firm to act this way

    but the reality is that in many, especially smaller communities, Amazon is the main or only employer of warehouse

    workers.

    Surprise came for many, when Amazon decided to raise its minimum wage(https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/02/amazon-raises-

    minimum-wage-to-15-for-all-us-employees.html) for US employees to $15 and vowed to use its lobbying power to push for an

    increase in the federal minimum wage. It would be naïve to assume that this was an act of altruism, since in many ways

    it was a clever business decision and an example of Amazon using its monopsony position.

    “ Beneath the surface of Amazon’s easy-to-use and convenient online store, lies
    potentially harmful treatment of its third-party sellers and its workers

    ”First, the pay raise may have been an attempt to stall growing e!orts for unionization. Additionally, Amazon is

    positioned better to absorb increased labour costs than its competitors. Amazon is then able to drive other warehouse-

    based companies’ profits down, while maintaining its own profits through its massive share of the e-commerce market

    and its other successful business activities. The fact that Amazon was able to introduce a pay rise like this implies

    monopsony power in itself, since such an option is likely too costly for smaller firms. While a pay raise may improve

    [https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/monopsony.asp](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/monopsony.asp)

    [https://fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/resources/editorialfiles/2020/10/06/investigation_of_competition_in_digital_markets_majority_staff_report_and_recommendations.pdf](https://fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/resources/editorialfiles/2020/10/06/investigation_of_competition_in_digital_markets_majority_staff_report_and_recommendations.pdf)

    [https://prospect.org/economy/amazon-controls-marketplace/](https://prospect.org/economy/amazon-controls-marketplace/)

    [https://www.fastcompany.com/90352975/why-monopsonies-not-monopolies-are-the-tech-industrys-biggest-threat](https://www.fastcompany.com/90352975/why-monopsonies-not-monopolies-are-the-tech-industrys-biggest-threat)

    [https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/policy-news-views/fringe-notions-on-antitrust-would-destroy-small-businesses-and-hurt-consumers](https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/policy-news-views/fringe-notions-on-antitrust-would-destroy-small-businesses-and-hurt-consumers)

    [https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/05/amazon-antitrust-monopoly.html](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/05/amazon-antitrust-monopoly.html)

    [https://www.statista.com/statistics/234488/number-of-amazon-employees/#:~:text=In%202019%2C%20the%20American%20multinational,dollars%20in%202019%20net%20revenues.](https://www.statista.com/statistics/234488/number-of-amazon-employees/#:~:text=In%202019%2C%20the%20American%20multinational,dollars%20in%202019%20net%20revenues.)

    [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/feb/05/amazon-workers-protest-unsafe-grueling-conditions-warehouse](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/feb/05/amazon-workers-protest-unsafe-grueling-conditions-warehouse)

    [https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/24/how-amazon-prevents-unions-by-surveilling-employee-activism.html](https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/24/how-amazon-prevents-unions-by-surveilling-employee-activism.html)

    [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-12-17/amazon-amzn-job-pay-rate-leaves-some-warehouse-employees-homeless](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-12-17/amazon-amzn-job-pay-rate-leaves-some-warehouse-employees-homeless)

    [https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/02/amazon-raises-minimum-wage-to-15-for-all-us-employees.html](https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/02/amazon-raises-minimum-wage-to-15-for-all-us-employees.html)

    1/26/25, 4:14 PMAmazon: Monopoly or Monopsony? | The Bull & Bear

    Page 3 of 3https://bullandbearmcgill.com/amazon-monopoly-or-monopsony/

    workers’ standard of living for now, in the long-run monopsony power is known to lead to downward pressure on

    wages(https://www.economist.com/united-states/2018/10/04/amazons-15-minimum-wage-is-welcome), and in Amazon’s case poor

    working conditions also.

    Like Facebook, Amazon is an example of a big tech company with massive market power, although in a di!erent sense.

    Beneath the surface of Amazon’s easy-to-use and convenient online store, lies potentially harmful treatment of its third-

    party sellers and its workers. This stems from Amazon’s monopsony power, a less heard-of term than monopoly, but an

    equally important one. With a new, Biden administration o"ce in the US, it may prove more di"cult for tech giants like

    Amazon to keep a hold on their market power(https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/23/what-the-biden-administration-means-for-

    amazon.html) and the debate over how best to regulate tech firms like this is bound to continue. Monopsony as well as

    monopoly power should be kept in mind as these issues continue to play out.

    [https://www.economist.com/united-states/2018/10/04/amazons-15-minimum-wage-is-welcome](https://www.economist.com/united-states/2018/10/04/amazons-15-minimum-wage-is-welcome)

    [https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/23/what-the-biden-administration-means-for-amazon.html](https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/23/what-the-biden-administration-means-for-amazon.html)

    **TurningtheTablesClass1.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/turningthetablesclass1-pdf)

    – 1
    – 2
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  • [Solved] Developing a Program Evaluation

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    ## **Preparation** View the Vulnerable Populations information on the [Topic SelectionLinks to an external site.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=3818 "Select this link to launch this material in a new window.") Campus page to ensure your understanding of populations described as potenti…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    ## **Preparation**
    View the Vulnerable Populations information on the [Topic SelectionLinks to an external site.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=3818 "Select this link to launch this material in a new window.") Campus page to ensure your understanding of populations described as potentially “vulnerable” to research risks so as not to violate ethical or legal guidelines.
    Using your previous coursework and the sample information bulleted below, plan either a formative, process, or outcome program evaluation. The sample provides sufficient information for you to create ideas on how to design any of the three types of evaluation.
    – Black women are three times more likely than White women to die from complications related to pregnancy and childbirth (CDC, 2022). Black mothers and infants are more likely to experience adverse outcomes in pregnancy, regardless of income or socioeconomic status (Kennedy-Moulton et al., 2022). In addition to high mortality rates, Black women and infants’ higher adverse outcomes include:
    – More pregnancy-related health problems like hypertension and gestational diabetes.
    – More birth-related complications such as eclampsia, sepsis, and pulmonary embolisms.
    – More premature births and low birth weight for infants.
    – Doulas help mothers navigate problems with hospitals and medical personnel. They advocate for mothers, and such guidance helps women reduce the need for medical interventions and avoid severe complications associated with those interventions.
    – Healthy Mamas is a program aimed at improving Black women’s maternal and birth outcomes through training Black doulas to aid Black women and their infants before, during, and after birth. Their goal is to increase access to social, emotional, and educational support for expectant mothers from professionally trained Black doulas. Their eventual goal is to see reduced rates of adverse maternal and infant health concerns and mortality through improved prenatal and perinatal (before birth and after birth) care for Black mothers and infants.
    – Healthy Mamas enhances typical doula training with supplemented curricula to support Black women by considering cultural needs and traditions, family dynamics, institutional and systemic racism, lack of trust in the healthcare system, and recognizing and combating bias against their pregnant clients. This training program lasts one month and includes interactive individual and group sessions led by certified experts in the field. Upon graduation and in practice, the new doulas keep logs of all contact with their client, their families, doctors and other healthcare personnel, health insurers, etc.
    – By collaborating with the organization’s stakeholders, you are co-planning a type of program evaluation. Stakeholders include the program administrators and local community health collective of healthcare providers and advocates. Funding for the program comes from a variety of public and private sources.
    – There are three types of issues to consider as you plan an evaluation of Healthy Mamas:
    – Problem 1: Is there an aspect of the program that could be adapted or expanded to other groups or comparable issues, such as for Latina mothers or for other healthcare issues?
    – Problem 2: As this program is relatively new, are there relevant and current issues that should be assessed?
    – Problem 3: Is the program effective at achieving its goals (either short-term or long-term)?
    ## **Instructions**
    Develop ideas to plan a formative, process, or outcome program evaluation and complete the following:
    – Apply the principles of program evaluation to how the need for the evaluation will align with the type of program evaluation, the program question, and the data.
    – What is the need for the program?
    – What is the type of your program evaluation?
    – What is the goal of your program evaluation?
    – What is your program question?
    – Develop the sources of qualitative and quantitative data that could be used to answer the program question.
    – What qualitative data (e.g., interview transcripts, field notes, photographs, program documents) and/or quantitative data (e.g., surveys, pre-existing program data) could you use to answer the program question?
    – Why will these participants’ data (qualitative or quantitative) be appropriate?
    – Explain what results would be needed to answer the program questions and address the goal of the program.
    – Apply knowledge of data collection in how the researcher and stakeholders would ethically and successfully work together to answer the program question.
    – How may you, as the researcher, work with stakeholders to develop and implement the evaluation?
    – Identify potential legal and ethical issues that may arise working with stakeholders and participants.
    – Explain possible strategies to ensure that accurate data will be obtained.
    – If proposing to use surveys or other means of quantitative data, include strategies you may use to enhance reliability and validity.
    – If proposing to use interviews or other means of qualitative data, include strategies you may use to enhance credibility and dependability.
    Using the [Human Services Reflection Journal: Developing a Program Evaluation Activity,](https://media.capella.edu/coursemedia/reflectionjournalactivity/wrapper.asp?courseGUID=hmsv8008&mediaID=hmsv8008-activity1 "Select this link to launch this material in a new window.") complete the following:
    – Discuss pitfalls happening in a realistic program evaluation for an existing human services organization.
    – Reflect on personal capstone project.
    – What type of program and program evaluation are you considering and about what topic?
    – **Note:** After writing your response, print a PDF and submit it with the rest of your assignment.
    ## **Additional Requirements**
    Your assignment should also meet the following requirements:
    – **Written Communication:**
    – Convey purpose in a well-organized text, incorporating appropriate evidence and tone in grammatically sound sentences.
    – Apply APA style and formatting to scholarly writing.
    – **Length:**5–6 typed, double-spaced pages.
    – In addition, include your printed PDF from the Human Services Reflection Journal activity.
    – **Format:** Use current APA style and format for references, in-text citations, and headings as appropriate. Visit [Evidence and APALinks to an external site.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=1540 "Select this link to launch this material in a new window.") for help with APA as needed.
    – **Font and Font Size:** Times New Roman, 12 points.
    Review the Developing a Program Evaluation rubric before submission and include a PDF from your Human Services Reflection Journal activity.
    ##### **ePortfolio**
    You may choose to save your assignment to your [ePortfolioLinks to an external site.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=1688 "Select this link to launch this material in a new window.") as you complete iterations of your work.
    ### **References**
    – CDC. (2023). _Working together to reduce Black maternal mortality_. https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/features/maternal-mortality/index.html.
    – Kennedy-Moulton, K., Miller, S., Persson, P., Rossin-Slater, M., Wherry, L. R., & Aldana, G. (2022). _Maternal and infant health inequality: New evidence from linked administrative data_. Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis.

  • [Solved] T2.1

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    See attached – ## Fintech.docx – InvestomaticDCFAnalysis.V2.xlsx **## Fintech.docx** **Purpose** **Company Background:** Innovative Investing Corporation (IIC) is a cutting-edge financial services firm known for its forward-thinking approach and commitment to leveraging technology to deliver superio…

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    – ## Fintech.docx

    – InvestomaticDCFAnalysis.V2.xlsx

    **## Fintech.docx**

    **Purpose**

    **Company Background:** Innovative Investing Corporation (IIC) is a cutting-edge financial services firm known for its forward-thinking approach and commitment to leveraging technology to deliver superior investment solutions. Established in 2023, IIC has focused its efforts on the development of an innovative trading platform to provide users with the most dynamic trading services available in the market. The company is preparing for its entry into the financial services market with a new product launch in the fall of 2024.

    **Industry Overview – the Fintech Model**

    Fintech companies have emerged as significant disruptors in the financial industry by leveraging innovative technologies to lower cost structures, increase responsiveness, and create synergies through a broad scope of products and services. Traditional financial institutions often face high operational costs due to legacy systems, extensive physical branch networks, and bureaucratic processes. In contrast, Fintech firms utilize advanced technologies such as blockchain, artificial intelligence, and cloud computing to streamline operations and reduce costs. By operating primarily online and automating many routine processes, Fintech firms can offer financial services at a fraction of the cost of traditional banks. This cost efficiency enables them to pass savings onto customers through lower fees and better interest rates, making financial services more accessible to a wider audience.

    Fintech firms excel in increasing responsiveness to customer needs based on their lean structure and tech-forward stance. Their use of big data analytics and machine learning allows them to provide personalized financial products and services tailored to individual customer profiles in real time. The Fintech model contrasts sharply with the slower, more rigid processes of traditional financial institutions. Fintech companies can swiftly adapt to market changes and customer feedback, continuously refining their offerings to enhance user experience. Additionally, by integrating a variety of financial services—such as payments, lending, investing, and insurance—on a single platform, Fintech firms create synergies that offer greater convenience and value to customers. This holistic approach not only simplifies financial management for consumers but also fosters cross-selling opportunities, thereby enhancing the overall value proposition of Fintech solutions.

    There are many types of revenue models that are used by Fintech firms, such as the following:

    ·
    **Transaction Fees**: Many Fintech firms charge fees on transactions processed through their platforms. This model is common in payment processing, peer-to-peer (P2P) lending, and remittance services. For example, companies like PayPal and Square take a small percentage of each transaction as their fee.

    ·
    **Subscription Fees**: Some Fintech firms offer premium services or advanced features on a subscription basis. This model is typical for financial management and budgeting apps, as well as for platforms that provide advanced analytics or additional security features. An example is personal finance apps like Mint or budgeting tools like YNAB.

    ·
    **Interest on Loans**: Lending Fintech firms generate revenue through the interest charged on loans. This model applies to P2P lending platforms, payday loan services, and other digital lending solutions. Companies like LendingClub and Prosper exemplify this revenue model by connecting borrowers with investors and taking a fee based on the interest paid on the loans.

    ·
    **Interchange Fees**: Fintech firms in the payments space, particularly those issuing debit and credit cards, earn revenue through interchange fees. These fees are paid by merchants for processing card transactions and are shared with the card-issuing Fintech. Examples include neobanks like Chime or payment platforms like Revolut.

    ·
    **Advertising and Affiliate Marketing**: Some Fintech platforms generate income by displaying ads or through affiliate marketing. They partner with financial service providers and earn commissions for referring customers. This model is often seen in financial comparison websites and apps like Credit Karma.

    ·
    **Asset Management Fees**: Robo-advisors and investment platforms earn revenue by charging a percentage of the assets under management (AUM). This fee can be a flat rate or tiered based on the size of the investment portfolio. Companies like Betterment and Wealthfront use this model to provide automated, low-cost investment management services.

    ·
    **Data Monetization**: Fintech firms can also generate revenue by leveraging the vast amounts of data they collect. This data can be anonymized and sold to third parties or used to offer targeted financial products and services. While this model raises privacy concerns, it provides a significant revenue stream for companies that manage it responsibly.

    In order to further understand how Fintech firms have changed the financial service industry, read the following article from McKinsey and Company, which is a global management consulting firm that serves as an advisor to businesses, governments, and institutions around the world:
    [McKinsey and Company article: Fintechs: A New Paradigm of Growth](https://leocontent.umgc.edu/content/dam/permalink/36082c19-c352-41d0-b65d-79958f7c080b.html).

    **Product Concept:** In response to the growing demand for accessible, user-friendly trading platforms, IIC is assessing the viability of an advanced trading app, called Investomatic. Designed to revolutionize the way individuals manage their investments, Investomatic aims to provide a seamless, intuitive user experience that combines powerful trading tools with intelligent analytics and personalized recommendations.  With two tiers of service available, customers can choose to either maintain a traditional, manual-trading approach or, with our premium tier of service, can integrate our advanced AI trading tool, which can provide a customized portfolio for the client.

    The trading platform will be structured based on a subscription revenue model as the executive team determined this was the preferred approach in the segment at this point in time.  While the revenue model type has been determined, part of the valuation process will be to assess the price level for each service tier (there are 2, basic and premium), to determine the optimal structure for the project launch.

    **Investomatic Features:**

    1.
    **User-Friendly Interface**: An intuitive design that simplifies navigation and trading for both new and experienced investors.

    2.
    **Real-Time Market Data**: Access to up-to-the-minute market data and news to inform investment decisions.

    3.
    **Advanced Trading Tools**: Features such as automated trading, customizable alerts, and detailed analytics.

    4.
    **Personalized Recommendations**: AI-driven insights and suggestions based on user behavior, preferences, and market conditions.

    5.
    **Educational Resources**: Integrated tutorials, webinars, and articles to help users enhance their trading knowledge and skills.

    6.
    **Security**: Robust security measures, including biometric login and encryption, to ensure user data and transactions are protected.

    7.
    **Advanced AI**: “Set it and forget it” mode, where our AI technology will develop, implement, adjust and monitor your portfolio continuously.

    **Market Opportunity:** The launch of Investomatic comes at a time when the financial technology (Fintech) sector is experiencing significant growth, driven by increased digital adoption and a surge in retail investment. With more individuals seeking to take control of their financial future, there is a substantial market opportunity for a sophisticated yet user-friendly trading app. However, the competitive landscape is also evolving, with numerous Fintech companies vying for market share.

    **Objective of the Case Study:** This case study aims to assess the viability of Investomatic by exploring the following key areas:

    1.
    **Market Analysis**: Understanding the target market, including demographics, needs, and preferences of potential users.

    2.
    **Competitive Landscape**: Evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of existing trading apps and identifying potential differentiators for Investomatic.

    3.
    **Financial Projections**: Assess the valuation model that was developed by the finance team at IIC to support the decision on whether to move forward with a product launch. There are two tabs in the Excel file:

    1.
    **Base Project Financials**:
    static version of the model based on the base assumptions

    2.
    **Live Model**: an active (live) version of the financial model where key input variables can be altered based on various scenario alternatives.

    4.
    **Risk Assessment**: Identifying potential risks that could be detrimental to the Investomatic product.

    5.
    **Strategic Recommendations**: Providing a clear recommendation on whether to pursue the product launch.

    **Task**

    The final deliverable for the project should include the following:

    · 5–6-page written report covering the objectives of the case study.

    · An assessment of the Excel model including insight into the projected financial performance of the project by completed the following:

    · Evaluating and understanding the base financial model, including its assumptions.

    · Utilizing the “Live Model” tab to assess alternative scenarios (by altering input assumptions).

    · The identification of at least 3 specific factors that could impact the accuracy of the financial model.

    · A recommendation of whether to proceed with the project launch supported by both quantitative and qualitative factors.

    **InvestomaticDCFAnalysis.V2.xlsx**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/investomaticdcfanalysis-v2-xlsx)

    **InvestomaticDCFAnalysis.V2.xlsx**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/investomaticdcfanalysis-v2-xlsx)

    **## Fintech.docx**

    **Purpose**

    **Company Background:** Innovative Investing Corporation (IIC) is a cutting-edge financial services firm known for its forward-thinking approach and commitment to leveraging technology to deliver superior investment solutions. Established in 2023, IIC has focused its efforts on the development of an innovative trading platform to provide users with the most dynamic trading services available in the market. The company is preparing for its entry into the financial services market with a new product launch in the fall of 2024.

    **Industry Overview – the Fintech Model**

    Fintech companies have emerged as significant disruptors in the financial industry by leveraging innovative technologies to lower cost structures, increase responsiveness, and create synergies through a broad scope of products and services. Traditional financial institutions often face high operational costs due to legacy systems, extensive physical branch networks, and bureaucratic processes. In contrast, Fintech firms utilize advanced technologies such as blockchain, artificial intelligence, and cloud computing to streamline operations and reduce costs. By operating primarily online and automating many routine processes, Fintech firms can offer financial services at a fraction of the cost of traditional banks. This cost efficiency enables them to pass savings onto customers through lower fees and better interest rates, making financial services more accessible to a wider audience.

    Fintech firms excel in increasing responsiveness to customer needs based on their lean structure and tech-forward stance. Their use of big data analytics and machine learning allows them to provide personalized financial products and services tailored to individual customer profiles in real time. The Fintech model contrasts sharply with the slower, more rigid processes of traditional financial institutions. Fintech companies can swiftly adapt to market changes and customer feedback, continuously refining their offerings to enhance user experience. Additionally, by integrating a variety of financial services—such as payments, lending, investing, and insurance—on a single platform, Fintech firms create synergies that offer greater convenience and value to customers. This holistic approach not only simplifies financial management for consumers but also fosters cross-selling opportunities, thereby enhancing the overall value proposition of Fintech solutions.

    There are many types of revenue models that are used by Fintech firms, such as the following:

    ·
    **Transaction Fees**: Many Fintech firms charge fees on transactions processed through their platforms. This model is common in payment processing, peer-to-peer (P2P) lending, and remittance services. For example, companies like PayPal and Square take a small percentage of each transaction as their fee.

    ·
    **Subscription Fees**: Some Fintech firms offer premium services or advanced features on a subscription basis. This model is typical for financial management and budgeting apps, as well as for platforms that provide advanced analytics or additional security features. An example is personal finance apps like Mint or budgeting tools like YNAB.

    ·
    **Interest on Loans**: Lending Fintech firms generate revenue through the interest charged on loans. This model applies to P2P lending platforms, payday loan services, and other digital lending solutions. Companies like LendingClub and Prosper exemplify this revenue model by connecting borrowers with investors and taking a fee based on the interest paid on the loans.

    ·
    **Interchange Fees**: Fintech firms in the payments space, particularly those issuing debit and credit cards, earn revenue through interchange fees. These fees are paid by merchants for processing card transactions and are shared with the card-issuing Fintech. Examples include neobanks like Chime or payment platforms like Revolut.

    ·
    **Advertising and Affiliate Marketing**: Some Fintech platforms generate income by displaying ads or through affiliate marketing. They partner with financial service providers and earn commissions for referring customers. This model is often seen in financial comparison websites and apps like Credit Karma.

    ·
    **Asset Management Fees**: Robo-advisors and investment platforms earn revenue by charging a percentage of the assets under management (AUM). This fee can be a flat rate or tiered based on the size of the investment portfolio. Companies like Betterment and Wealthfront use this model to provide automated, low-cost investment management services.

    ·
    **Data Monetization**: Fintech firms can also generate revenue by leveraging the vast amounts of data they collect. This data can be anonymized and sold to third parties or used to offer targeted financial products and services. While this model raises privacy concerns, it provides a significant revenue stream for companies that manage it responsibly.

    In order to further understand how Fintech firms have changed the financial service industry, read the following article from McKinsey and Company, which is a global management consulting firm that serves as an advisor to businesses, governments, and institutions around the world:
    [McKinsey and Company article: Fintechs: A New Paradigm of Growth](https://leocontent.umgc.edu/content/dam/permalink/36082c19-c352-41d0-b65d-79958f7c080b.html).

    **Product Concept:** In response to the growing demand for accessible, user-friendly trading platforms, IIC is assessing the viability of an advanced trading app, called Investomatic. Designed to revolutionize the way individuals manage their investments, Investomatic aims to provide a seamless, intuitive user experience that combines powerful trading tools with intelligent analytics and personalized recommendations.  With two tiers of service available, customers can choose to either maintain a traditional, manual-trading approach or, with our premium tier of service, can integrate our advanced AI trading tool, which can provide a customized portfolio for the client.

    The trading platform will be structured based on a subscription revenue model as the executive team determined this was the preferred approach in the segment at this point in time.  While the revenue model type has been determined, part of the valuation process will be to assess the price level for each service tier (there are 2, basic and premium), to determine the optimal structure for the project launch.

    **Investomatic Features:**

    1.
    **User-Friendly Interface**: An intuitive design that simplifies navigation and trading for both new and experienced investors.

    2.
    **Real-Time Market Data**: Access to up-to-the-minute market data and news to inform investment decisions.

    3.
    **Advanced Trading Tools**: Features such as automated trading, customizable alerts, and detailed analytics.

    4.
    **Personalized Recommendations**: AI-driven insights and suggestions based on user behavior, preferences, and market conditions.

    5.
    **Educational Resources**: Integrated tutorials, webinars, and articles to help users enhance their trading knowledge and skills.

    6.
    **Security**: Robust security measures, including biometric login and encryption, to ensure user data and transactions are protected.

    7.
    **Advanced AI**: “Set it and forget it” mode, where our AI technology will develop, implement, adjust and monitor your portfolio continuously.

    **Market Opportunity:** The launch of Investomatic comes at a time when the financial technology (Fintech) sector is experiencing significant growth, driven by increased digital adoption and a surge in retail investment. With more individuals seeking to take control of their financial future, there is a substantial market opportunity for a sophisticated yet user-friendly trading app. However, the competitive landscape is also evolving, with numerous Fintech companies vying for market share.

    **Objective of the Case Study:** This case study aims to assess the viability of Investomatic by exploring the following key areas:

    1.
    **Market Analysis**: Understanding the target market, including demographics, needs, and preferences of potential users.

    2.
    **Competitive Landscape**: Evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of existing trading apps and identifying potential differentiators for Investomatic.

    3.
    **Financial Projections**: Assess the valuation model that was developed by the finance team at IIC to support the decision on whether to move forward with a product launch. There are two tabs in the Excel file:

    1.
    **Base Project Financials**:
    static version of the model based on the base assumptions

    2.
    **Live Model**: an active (live) version of the financial model where key input variables can be altered based on various scenario alternatives.

    4.
    **Risk Assessment**: Identifying potential risks that could be detrimental to the Investomatic product.

    5.
    **Strategic Recommendations**: Providing a clear recommendation on whether to pursue the product launch.

    **Task**

    The final deliverable for the project should include the following:

    · 5–6-page written report covering the objectives of the case study.

    · An assessment of the Excel model including insight into the projected financial performance of the project by completed the following:

    · Evaluating and understanding the base financial model, including its assumptions.

    · Utilizing the “Live Model” tab to assess alternative scenarios (by altering input assumptions).

    · The identification of at least 3 specific factors that could impact the accuracy of the financial model.

    · A recommendation of whether to proceed with the project launch supported by both quantitative and qualitative factors.

    **InvestomaticDCFAnalysis.V2.xlsx**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/investomaticdcfanalysis-v2-xlsx)

    **## Fintech.docx**

    **Purpose**

    **Company Background:** Innovative Investing Corporation (IIC) is a cutting-edge financial services firm known for its forward-thinking approach and commitment to leveraging technology to deliver superior investment solutions. Established in 2023, IIC has focused its efforts on the development of an innovative trading platform to provide users with the most dynamic trading services available in the market. The company is preparing for its entry into the financial services market with a new product launch in the fall of 2024.

    **Industry Overview – the Fintech Model**

    Fintech companies have emerged as significant disruptors in the financial industry by leveraging innovative technologies to lower cost structures, increase responsiveness, and create synergies through a broad scope of products and services. Traditional financial institutions often face high operational costs due to legacy systems, extensive physical branch networks, and bureaucratic processes. In contrast, Fintech firms utilize advanced technologies such as blockchain, artificial intelligence, and cloud computing to streamline operations and reduce costs. By operating primarily online and automating many routine processes, Fintech firms can offer financial services at a fraction of the cost of traditional banks. This cost efficiency enables them to pass savings onto customers through lower fees and better interest rates, making financial services more accessible to a wider audience.

    Fintech firms excel in increasing responsiveness to customer needs based on their lean structure and tech-forward stance. Their use of big data analytics and machine learning allows them to provide personalized financial products and services tailored to individual customer profiles in real time. The Fintech model contrasts sharply with the slower, more rigid processes of traditional financial institutions. Fintech companies can swiftly adapt to market changes and customer feedback, continuously refining their offerings to enhance user experience. Additionally, by integrating a variety of financial services—such as payments, lending, investing, and insurance—on a single platform, Fintech firms create synergies that offer greater convenience and value to customers. This holistic approach not only simplifies financial management for consumers but also fosters cross-selling opportunities, thereby enhancing the overall value proposition of Fintech solutions.

    There are many types of revenue models that are used by Fintech firms, such as the following:

    ·
    **Transaction Fees**: Many Fintech firms charge fees on transactions processed through their platforms. This model is common in payment processing, peer-to-peer (P2P) lending, and remittance services. For example, companies like PayPal and Square take a small percentage of each transaction as their fee.

    ·
    **Subscription Fees**: Some Fintech firms offer premium services or advanced features on a subscription basis. This model is typical for financial management and budgeting apps, as well as for platforms that provide advanced analytics or additional security features. An example is personal finance apps like Mint or budgeting tools like YNAB.

    ·
    **Interest on Loans**: Lending Fintech firms generate revenue through the interest charged on loans. This model applies to P2P lending platforms, payday loan services, and other digital lending solutions. Companies like LendingClub and Prosper exemplify this revenue model by connecting borrowers with investors and taking a fee based on the interest paid on the loans.

    ·
    **Interchange Fees**: Fintech firms in the payments space, particularly those issuing debit and credit cards, earn revenue through interchange fees. These fees are paid by merchants for processing card transactions and are shared with the card-issuing Fintech. Examples include neobanks like Chime or payment platforms like Revolut.

    ·
    **Advertising and Affiliate Marketing**: Some Fintech platforms generate income by displaying ads or through affiliate marketing. They partner with financial service providers and earn commissions for referring customers. This model is often seen in financial comparison websites and apps like Credit Karma.

    ·
    **Asset Management Fees**: Robo-advisors and investment platforms earn revenue by charging a percentage of the assets under management (AUM). This fee can be a flat rate or tiered based on the size of the investment portfolio. Companies like Betterment and Wealthfront use this model to provide automated, low-cost investment management services.

    ·
    **Data Monetization**: Fintech firms can also generate revenue by leveraging the vast amounts of data they collect. This data can be anonymized and sold to third parties or used to offer targeted financial products and services. While this model raises privacy concerns, it provides a significant revenue stream for companies that manage it responsibly.

    In order to further understand how Fintech firms have changed the financial service industry, read the following article from McKinsey and Company, which is a global management consulting firm that serves as an advisor to businesses, governments, and institutions around the world:
    [McKinsey and Company article: Fintechs: A New Paradigm of Growth](https://leocontent.umgc.edu/content/dam/permalink/36082c19-c352-41d0-b65d-79958f7c080b.html).

    **Product Concept:** In response to the growing demand for accessible, user-friendly trading platforms, IIC is assessing the viability of an advanced trading app, called Investomatic. Designed to revolutionize the way individuals manage their investments, Investomatic aims to provide a seamless, intuitive user experience that combines powerful trading tools with intelligent analytics and personalized recommendations.  With two tiers of service available, customers can choose to either maintain a traditional, manual-trading approach or, with our premium tier of service, can integrate our advanced AI trading tool, which can provide a customized portfolio for the client.

    The trading platform will be structured based on a subscription revenue model as the executive team determined this was the preferred approach in the segment at this point in time.  While the revenue model type has been determined, part of the valuation process will be to assess the price level for each service tier (there are 2, basic and premium), to determine the optimal structure for the project launch.

    **Investomatic Features:**

    1.
    **User-Friendly Interface**: An intuitive design that simplifies navigation and trading for both new and experienced investors.

    2.
    **Real-Time Market Data**: Access to up-to-the-minute market data and news to inform investment decisions.

    3.
    **Advanced Trading Tools**: Features such as automated trading, customizable alerts, and detailed analytics.

    4.
    **Personalized Recommendations**: AI-driven insights and suggestions based on user behavior, preferences, and market conditions.

    5.
    **Educational Resources**: Integrated tutorials, webinars, and articles to help users enhance their trading knowledge and skills.

    6.
    **Security**: Robust security measures, including biometric login and encryption, to ensure user data and transactions are protected.

    7.
    **Advanced AI**: “Set it and forget it” mode, where our AI technology will develop, implement, adjust and monitor your portfolio continuously.

    **Market Opportunity:** The launch of Investomatic comes at a time when the financial technology (Fintech) sector is experiencing significant growth, driven by increased digital adoption and a surge in retail investment. With more individuals seeking to take control of their financial future, there is a substantial market opportunity for a sophisticated yet user-friendly trading app. However, the competitive landscape is also evolving, with numerous Fintech companies vying for market share.

    **Objective of the Case Study:** This case study aims to assess the viability of Investomatic by exploring the following key areas:

    1.
    **Market Analysis**: Understanding the target market, including demographics, needs, and preferences of potential users.

    2.
    **Competitive Landscape**: Evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of existing trading apps and identifying potential differentiators for Investomatic.

    3.
    **Financial Projections**: Assess the valuation model that was developed by the finance team at IIC to support the decision on whether to move forward with a product launch. There are two tabs in the Excel file:

    1.
    **Base Project Financials**:
    static version of the model based on the base assumptions

    2.
    **Live Model**: an active (live) version of the financial model where key input variables can be altered based on various scenario alternatives.

    4.
    **Risk Assessment**: Identifying potential risks that could be detrimental to the Investomatic product.

    5.
    **Strategic Recommendations**: Providing a clear recommendation on whether to pursue the product launch.

    **Task**

    The final deliverable for the project should include the following:

    · 5–6-page written report covering the objectives of the case study.

    · An assessment of the Excel model including insight into the projected financial performance of the project by completed the following:

    · Evaluating and understanding the base financial model, including its assumptions.

    · Utilizing the “Live Model” tab to assess alternative scenarios (by altering input assumptions).

    · The identification of at least 3 specific factors that could impact the accuracy of the financial model.

    · A recommendation of whether to proceed with the project launch supported by both quantitative and qualitative factors.

    **InvestomaticDCFAnalysis.V2.xlsx**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/investomaticdcfanalysis-v2-xlsx)

    – 1
    – 2

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    Find a recent sports-related court case dealing with the legal issue of negligence. After briefly summarizing the case, discuss the court's decision. Were all the elements of negligence met? Are there any defenses you would have used? Applying what you learned in this week's readings, do you agree w…

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    Find a recent sports-related court case dealing with the legal issue of negligence. After briefly summarizing the case, discuss the court's decision. Were all the elements of negligence met? Are there any defenses you would have used? Applying what you learned in this week's readings, do you agree with the court's decision? Justify your answers.