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– ## CorporateFinanceFIN6301UnitVIIIJournal.docx

– ## UnitVIIIStudyGuide.pdf

**## CorporateFinanceFIN6301UnitVIIIJournal.docx**

2

Corporate Finance ECO 6301

Unit VIII Journal

This journal measures your mastery of ULOs 1.3, 5.6, and 5.7.

Tactical financing decisions are essential as they guide a company’s immediate financial strategies. They encompass the decisions about how a company obtains and uses funds in the short term. In this journal entry, you will dive deep into a real-world example, analyzing a company's recent tactical financing decision and suggesting alternative approaches. This exercise will help cement your understanding of the concepts from the lesson and textbook as you apply them in a practical context.

Start by selecting a company whose recent tactical financing decision piqued your interest. It could be a company that recently went public, secured a new lease agreement, or issued hybrid financing instruments such as preferred stocks or convertible bonds.

· Analysis: Based on the knowledge you’ve gained in this unit, briefly describe the company’s recent tactical financing decision. Assess the potential benefits and challenges of this decision for the company.

· Alternative financing decisions: Drawing from your understanding of public and private financing, lease financing, and hybrid financing, propose at least two alternative financing strategies the company could have considered. Predict the potential impact of each of your proposed alternatives on the company’s value. Would your proposed alternatives increase or decrease the company’s value? Why?

· Reflection: Conclude your journal entry by reflecting on the importance of tactical financing decisions in the broader spectrum of corporate finance. What did you find most intriguing about the company’s choice, and how do you perceive the role of such decisions in shaping a company’s financial future?

Ensure your journal entry is at least 200 words. Write clearly and concisely, focusing on providing a well-thought-out analysis. While references and citations are not mandatory, if you pull specific data or quotes, ensure they are accurately represented. Review your work for clarity and coherence before submitting.

**## UnitVIIIStudyGuide.pdf**

FIN 6301, Corporate Finance 1

Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII

At the end of this unit, you should be able to:

1. Interpret financial statements to assess a company’s financial performance.
1.3 Analyze a company’s financial statements to assess implications of tactical financing decisions.

5. Recommend financial planning techniques to determine corporate value.

5.6 Utilize financial planning techniques to propose alternative financing strategies.
5.7 Assess the potential impact of financing strategies on corporate value.

Required Unit Resources

Chapter 18: Public and Private Financing: Initial Offerings, Seasoned Offerings, and Investment
Banks (ULO 1.3) You are not required to read the Summary, Questions, or Web Extension at the end of
the chapter.
The purpose of this chapter is to understand public and private financing. First, we outline the financial
life cycle of a start-up company. We list advantages and disadvantages of going public and explain the
steps in going public with an initial public offering (IPO). Next, we measure direct costs and indirect costs
of going public and define equity carve-outs. Finally, we will contrast IPOs with other ways to raise funds
in capital markets, discuss investment banking activities, and show the role private equity firms play in
taking a public company private.

Chapter 19: Lease Financing (ULO 1.3) You are not required to read the Summary, Questions, or Web
Extension at the end of the chapter.
The purpose of this chapter is to understand lease financing. First, we will name the different types of
leases and list the steps in reporting leases on financial statements. Next, we will identify criteria used by
the IRS to determine the tax status of a lease and determine the net advantage of leasing (NAL) for a
nontax-oriented lease. Finally, we will evaluate a lease from the lessor’s viewpoint, show how the 2017
TCJA affected leases, and discuss reasons for leasing other than tax advantages.

Chapter 20: Hybrid Financing: Preferred Stock, Warrants, and Convertibles (ULOs 5.6 and 5.7)
You are not required to read the Summary, Questions, or Web Extension at the end of the chapter.
The purpose of this chapter is to understand hybrid financing. First, we will evaluate the relative risks of
preferred stock, debt, and common equity. We will name some features of preferred stock as well as
advantages and disadvantages of preferred stock. Next, we will show how warrants are used in
financing, determine the pre-tax cost of capital for bonds and warrants, and utilize conversion ratios and
conversion prices. Finally, we will discuss the effect of convertibles and agency costs, contrast warrants
and convertible debt, and explain how to report diluted earnings per share.

Unit Lesson

Lesson: Understanding Corporate Financing: IPOs, Leases, and Hybrids (ULOs 1.3 and 5.6)

In today's ever-evolving financial landscape, understanding the intricacies of corporate financing is
paramount. Delve into the multifaceted world of public offerings, leasing dynamics, and innovative hybrid
securities, gaining invaluable insights to navigate and strategize in the corporate finance realm effectively.

UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE

Tactical Financing Decisions

FIN 6301, Corporate Finance 2

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE

Title

Public and Private Financing: Initial Offerings, Seasoned Offerings, and Investment Banks

The Financial Life Cycle of a Start-up Company

Every company embarks on a journey reminiscent of life itself, facing challenges, milestones, and pivotal
moments that shape its trajectory. This journey can be visualized as a curve, starting with the birth of an idea,
and moving through phases of growth, maturity, and potentially, rejuvenation or decline.

• Seed stage: This is where it all begins. A founder has an idea and starts a business, often
bootstrapping or using their personal savings. The risks are high, and the business model might still
be in its prototype phase.

• Start-up stage: With a proof of concept in hand, external funding sources such as angel investors or
early-stage venture capitalists become potential stakeholders. This funding is crucial to scale the
operations and hire a team.

• Growth and establishment stage: As the company starts generating steady revenue, it may attract
larger venture capital rounds or even contemplate an initial public offering (IPO). This is the stage
where firms like Amazon transitioned from being a promising venture to a dominant market player.

Going Public: Pros and Cons

When a company reaches a certain stature and has a predictable revenue model, it might consider going
public. This decision, however, is multifaceted.

Advantages can include market credibility—being publicly listed can enhance a company's reputation and
visibility in the market. Another advantage is employee benefits because stock options become a viable
incentive for attracting top talent.

Disadvantages can include reporting pressure because quarterly reporting can force companies to be short-
term focused. Another possible disadvantage is vulnerability to market fluctuations. The company's stock
price can be influenced by market conditions beyond its control.

Costs of Going Public

Going public is an expensive affair. Companies need to be aware that the influx of capital comes at a price.
Direct costs are relatively straightforward—fees paid to investment bankers, legal teams, and for promotional
events leading up to the IPO. Indirect costs can be trickier to quantify. They can include potential hits to the
company’s image if the IPO does not go as planned, the opportunity cost of the time senior management
invests in the process, and potential changes in company culture post-IPO.

Equity Carve-Outs and Alternatives to IPOs

Not all companies choose the IPO route. There are several alternatives:

FIN 6301, Corporate Finance 3

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE

Title

Investment Banking and Private Equity

These entities are the gatekeepers and facilitators of the financial world. Investment banks serve as
intermediaries, helping companies navigate the complex process of going public, from valuation to ensuring
regulatory compliance. Private equity firms see value where others do not. They might buy out public
companies, streamline operations, and potentially relist them. Their modus operandi is to extract maximum
value from their investments, sometimes leading to industry transformation.

As companies evolve, so do their financing needs. The choice of how and when to secure funds is a strategic
one, influencing not just the company’s balance sheet, but its very ethos and future trajectory.

Lease Financing

Leases are versatile financial instruments, allowing businesses to access assets without direct ownership.
While there are many ways to categorize leases, the most common distinction is between operating and
capital (or finance) leases. Operating leases are often used for short-term needs and do not transfer
ownership of the asset. The lessee simply pays for the use of the asset, and at the end of the lease term,
returns it. This can be compared to renting an apartment. Capital (finance) leases are more long-term in
nature and are structured so that the lessee assumes most benefits and risks associated with ownership. By
the end of the lease term, the lessee might have the option to purchase the asset. Think of it as a car lease
where you might buy the vehicle at the end.

Reporting Leases on Financial Statements

Financial transparency is a cornerstone of modern business. Therefore, the way companies report leases is
of paramount importance:

FIN 6301, Corporate Finance 4

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE

Title

Tax Status and Net Advantage of Leasing (NAL)

Leasing is not just about accessing assets; it is a strategic decision influenced by various financial
implications, one of which is tax implications. Depending on how a lease is structured and classified, there
can be differing tax benefits. For instance, lease payments under an operating lease are often deductible as a
business expense. Another implication is the net advantage of leasing (NAL): This is a comprehensive metric
that weighs the pros and cons of leasing against purchasing. Factors considered include initial costs, monthly
payments, tax implications, and residual value.

2017 TCJA and Its Impact on Leases

Taxation can be a game-changer in financial decision-making. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA)
was one such pivotal moment. One change resulting from the act involved interest limitations. The TCJA
introduced new limits on the deductibility of business interest, potentially impacting the attractiveness of lease
financing. Another change involved alteration in deductions. Changes in how businesses could deduct
expenses related to tangible property influenced leasing decisions, especially for companies heavily reliant on
physical assets.

In essence, leasing is a flexible tool in a company’s financial toolkit, enabling them to strategically manage
their assets, liabilities, and tax obligations. Like all tools, its effectiveness depends on the adeptness with
which it is used in a given situation.

Hybrid Financing: Preferred Stock, Warrants, and Convertibles

The Complexity of Preferred Stock

At its core, preferred stock is a unique blend of debt and equity representing ownership in a company but with
a priority claim on dividends and assets. Unlike common stockholders, preferred stockholders receive
dividends before any are distributed to common stockholders. However, the dividends are typically fixed,
much like interest payments on a debt. Preferred stock carries less risk than common stock but also usually
offers less potential for appreciation. It sits in between debt and common equity in the capital structure. For
companies, they can be an efficient way to raise capital without diluting common equity or taking on debt
obligations.

FIN 6301, Corporate Finance 5

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE

Title

The Role of Warrants in Financing

In essence, warrants are like options, providing the right but not the obligation to buy shares at a
predetermined price. Warrants add utility in fundraising; when companies issue bonds, adding warrants can
enhance their attractiveness. This strategy often appeals to investors who seek potential equity upside while
still having the safety of a bond. The value of a warrant depends on various factors like the underlying stock
price, volatility, and time to expiration. They can be traded separately from their associated bonds, offering a
liquidity advantage.

Convertibles and Their Impact

Convertible securities, be it bonds or preferred stock, offer a middle ground, blending the characteristics of
debt and equity.

• Advantages to issuers: Convertibles often carry lower interest or dividend rates than their
nonconvertible counterparts because they offer the possibility of conversion to common stock. This
can be advantageous for companies in sectors like tech, where equity appreciation potential is high.

• Advantages to investors: Convertibles provide a sort of safety net. If the company does well and its
stock price rises, they can convert their securities to common stock, capturing the upside. If the stock
does not perform, they still receive the bond's interest or the preferred stock’s dividend.

• Dilution concerns: One potential downside for existing shareholders is the dilution of their equity when
convertibles are converted into common stock. However, this typically happens when the stock is
performing well, so the dilution comes at a time of upward price movement.

In the vast spectrum of financial instruments, hybrid securities like preferred stock, warrants, and convertibles
offer both challenges and opportunities. They exemplify the innovative ways in which companies can raise
capital while providing investors with a range of risk and reward profiles.

Reference

Naranjo, P., Saavedra, D., & Verdi, R. S. (2022, October). The pecking order and financing decisions:

Evidence from changes to financial-reporting regulation. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance,
37(4), 727–750.
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=bsu&AN=158631326&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Suggested Unit Resources

Article: The Pecking Order and Financing Decisions: Evidence From Changes to Financial-
Reporting Regulation (Optional)
This article looks at the importance of pecking order theory in relation to financial-reporting regulation
and making financing decisions (24 pages).

**## UnitVIIIStudyGuide.pdf**

FIN 6301, Corporate Finance 1

Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII

At the end of this unit, you should be able to:

1. Interpret financial statements to assess a company’s financial performance.
1.3 Analyze a company’s financial statements to assess implications of tactical financing decisions.

5. Recommend financial planning techniques to determine corporate value.

5.6 Utilize financial planning techniques to propose alternative financing strategies.
5.7 Assess the potential impact of financing strategies on corporate value.

Required Unit Resources

Chapter 18: Public and Private Financing: Initial Offerings, Seasoned Offerings, and Investment
Banks (ULO 1.3) You are not required to read the Summary, Questions, or Web Extension at the end of
the chapter.
The purpose of this chapter is to understand public and private financing. First, we outline the financial
life cycle of a start-up company. We list advantages and disadvantages of going public and explain the
steps in going public with an initial public offering (IPO). Next, we measure direct costs and indirect costs
of going public and define equity carve-outs. Finally, we will contrast IPOs with other ways to raise funds
in capital markets, discuss investment banking activities, and show the role private equity firms play in
taking a public company private.

Chapter 19: Lease Financing (ULO 1.3) You are not required to read the Summary, Questions, or Web
Extension at the end of the chapter.
The purpose of this chapter is to understand lease financing. First, we will name the different types of
leases and list the steps in reporting leases on financial statements. Next, we will identify criteria used by
the IRS to determine the tax status of a lease and determine the net advantage of leasing (NAL) for a
nontax-oriented lease. Finally, we will evaluate a lease from the lessor’s viewpoint, show how the 2017
TCJA affected leases, and discuss reasons for leasing other than tax advantages.

Chapter 20: Hybrid Financing: Preferred Stock, Warrants, and Convertibles (ULOs 5.6 and 5.7)
You are not required to read the Summary, Questions, or Web Extension at the end of the chapter.
The purpose of this chapter is to understand hybrid financing. First, we will evaluate the relative risks of
preferred stock, debt, and common equity. We will name some features of preferred stock as well as
advantages and disadvantages of preferred stock. Next, we will show how warrants are used in
financing, determine the pre-tax cost of capital for bonds and warrants, and utilize conversion ratios and
conversion prices. Finally, we will discuss the effect of convertibles and agency costs, contrast warrants
and convertible debt, and explain how to report diluted earnings per share.

Unit Lesson

Lesson: Understanding Corporate Financing: IPOs, Leases, and Hybrids (ULOs 1.3 and 5.6)

In today's ever-evolving financial landscape, understanding the intricacies of corporate financing is
paramount. Delve into the multifaceted world of public offerings, leasing dynamics, and innovative hybrid
securities, gaining invaluable insights to navigate and strategize in the corporate finance realm effectively.

UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE

Tactical Financing Decisions

FIN 6301, Corporate Finance 2

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE

Title

Public and Private Financing: Initial Offerings, Seasoned Offerings, and Investment Banks

The Financial Life Cycle of a Start-up Company

Every company embarks on a journey reminiscent of life itself, facing challenges, milestones, and pivotal
moments that shape its trajectory. This journey can be visualized as a curve, starting with the birth of an idea,
and moving through phases of growth, maturity, and potentially, rejuvenation or decline.

• Seed stage: This is where it all begins. A founder has an idea and starts a business, often
bootstrapping or using their personal savings. The risks are high, and the business model might still
be in its prototype phase.

• Start-up stage: With a proof of concept in hand, external funding sources such as angel investors or
early-stage venture capitalists become potential stakeholders. This funding is crucial to scale the
operations and hire a team.

• Growth and establishment stage: As the company starts generating steady revenue, it may attract
larger venture capital rounds or even contemplate an initial public offering (IPO). This is the stage
where firms like Amazon transitioned from being a promising venture to a dominant market player.

Going Public: Pros and Cons

When a company reaches a certain stature and has a predictable revenue model, it might consider going
public. This decision, however, is multifaceted.

Advantages can include market credibility—being publicly listed can enhance a company's reputation and
visibility in the market. Another advantage is employee benefits because stock options become a viable
incentive for attracting top talent.

Disadvantages can include reporting pressure because quarterly reporting can force companies to be short-
term focused. Another possible disadvantage is vulnerability to market fluctuations. The company's stock
price can be influenced by market conditions beyond its control.

Costs of Going Public

Going public is an expensive affair. Companies need to be aware that the influx of capital comes at a price.
Direct costs are relatively straightforward—fees paid to investment bankers, legal teams, and for promotional
events leading up to the IPO. Indirect costs can be trickier to quantify. They can include potential hits to the
company’s image if the IPO does not go as planned, the opportunity cost of the time senior management
invests in the process, and potential changes in company culture post-IPO.

Equity Carve-Outs and Alternatives to IPOs

Not all companies choose the IPO route. There are several alternatives:

FIN 6301, Corporate Finance 3

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE

Title

Investment Banking and Private Equity

These entities are the gatekeepers and facilitators of the financial world. Investment banks serve as
intermediaries, helping companies navigate the complex process of going public, from valuation to ensuring
regulatory compliance. Private equity firms see value where others do not. They might buy out public
companies, streamline operations, and potentially relist them. Their modus operandi is to extract maximum
value from their investments, sometimes leading to industry transformation.

As companies evolve, so do their financing needs. The choice of how and when to secure funds is a strategic
one, influencing not just the company’s balance sheet, but its very ethos and future trajectory.

Lease Financing

Leases are versatile financial instruments, allowing businesses to access assets without direct ownership.
While there are many ways to categorize leases, the most common distinction is between operating and
capital (or finance) leases. Operating leases are often used for short-term needs and do not transfer
ownership of the asset. The lessee simply pays for the use of the asset, and at the end of the lease term,
returns it. This can be compared to renting an apartment. Capital (finance) leases are more long-term in
nature and are structured so that the lessee assumes most benefits and risks associated with ownership. By
the end of the lease term, the lessee might have the option to purchase the asset. Think of it as a car lease
where you might buy the vehicle at the end.

Reporting Leases on Financial Statements

Financial transparency is a cornerstone of modern business. Therefore, the way companies report leases is
of paramount importance:

FIN 6301, Corporate Finance 4

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE

Title

Tax Status and Net Advantage of Leasing (NAL)

Leasing is not just about accessing assets; it is a strategic decision influenced by various financial
implications, one of which is tax implications. Depending on how a lease is structured and classified, there
can be differing tax benefits. For instance, lease payments under an operating lease are often deductible as a
business expense. Another implication is the net advantage of leasing (NAL): This is a comprehensive metric
that weighs the pros and cons of leasing against purchasing. Factors considered include initial costs, monthly
payments, tax implications, and residual value.

2017 TCJA and Its Impact on Leases

Taxation can be a game-changer in financial decision-making. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA)
was one such pivotal moment. One change resulting from the act involved interest limitations. The TCJA
introduced new limits on the deductibility of business interest, potentially impacting the attractiveness of lease
financing. Another change involved alteration in deductions. Changes in how businesses could deduct
expenses related to tangible property influenced leasing decisions, especially for companies heavily reliant on
physical assets.

In essence, leasing is a flexible tool in a company’s financial toolkit, enabling them to strategically manage
their assets, liabilities, and tax obligations. Like all tools, its effectiveness depends on the adeptness with
which it is used in a given situation.

Hybrid Financing: Preferred Stock, Warrants, and Convertibles

The Complexity of Preferred Stock

At its core, preferred stock is a unique blend of debt and equity representing ownership in a company but with
a priority claim on dividends and assets. Unlike common stockholders, preferred stockholders receive
dividends before any are distributed to common stockholders. However, the dividends are typically fixed,
much like interest payments on a debt. Preferred stock carries less risk than common stock but also usually
offers less potential for appreciation. It sits in between debt and common equity in the capital structure. For
companies, they can be an efficient way to raise capital without diluting common equity or taking on debt
obligations.

FIN 6301, Corporate Finance 5

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE

Title

The Role of Warrants in Financing

In essence, warrants are like options, providing the right but not the obligation to buy shares at a
predetermined price. Warrants add utility in fundraising; when companies issue bonds, adding warrants can
enhance their attractiveness. This strategy often appeals to investors who seek potential equity upside while
still having the safety of a bond. The value of a warrant depends on various factors like the underlying stock
price, volatility, and time to expiration. They can be traded separately from their associated bonds, offering a
liquidity advantage.

Convertibles and Their Impact

Convertible securities, be it bonds or preferred stock, offer a middle ground, blending the characteristics of
debt and equity.

• Advantages to issuers: Convertibles often carry lower interest or dividend rates than their
nonconvertible counterparts because they offer the possibility of conversion to common stock. This
can be advantageous for companies in sectors like tech, where equity appreciation potential is high.

• Advantages to investors: Convertibles provide a sort of safety net. If the company does well and its
stock price rises, they can convert their securities to common stock, capturing the upside. If the stock
does not perform, they still receive the bond's interest or the preferred stock’s dividend.

• Dilution concerns: One potential downside for existing shareholders is the dilution of their equity when
convertibles are converted into common stock. However, this typically happens when the stock is
performing well, so the dilution comes at a time of upward price movement.

In the vast spectrum of financial instruments, hybrid securities like preferred stock, warrants, and convertibles
offer both challenges and opportunities. They exemplify the innovative ways in which companies can raise
capital while providing investors with a range of risk and reward profiles.

Reference

Naranjo, P., Saavedra, D., & Verdi, R. S. (2022, October). The pecking order and financing decisions:

Evidence from changes to financial-reporting regulation. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance,
37(4), 727–750.
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=bsu&AN=158631326&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Suggested Unit Resources

Article: The Pecking Order and Financing Decisions: Evidence From Changes to Financial-
Reporting Regulation (Optional)
This article looks at the importance of pecking order theory in relation to financial-reporting regulation
and making financing decisions (24 pages).

**## CorporateFinanceFIN6301UnitVIIIJournal.docx**

2

Corporate Finance ECO 6301

Unit VIII Journal

This journal measures your mastery of ULOs 1.3, 5.6, and 5.7.

Tactical financing decisions are essential as they guide a company’s immediate financial strategies. They encompass the decisions about how a company obtains and uses funds in the short term. In this journal entry, you will dive deep into a real-world example, analyzing a company's recent tactical financing decision and suggesting alternative approaches. This exercise will help cement your understanding of the concepts from the lesson and textbook as you apply them in a practical context.

Start by selecting a company whose recent tactical financing decision piqued your interest. It could be a company that recently went public, secured a new lease agreement, or issued hybrid financing instruments such as preferred stocks or convertible bonds.

· Analysis: Based on the knowledge you’ve gained in this unit, briefly describe the company’s recent tactical financing decision. Assess the potential benefits and challenges of this decision for the company.

· Alternative financing decisions: Drawing from your understanding of public and private financing, lease financing, and hybrid financing, propose at least two alternative financing strategies the company could have considered. Predict the potential impact of each of your proposed alternatives on the company’s value. Would your proposed alternatives increase or decrease the company’s value? Why?

· Reflection: Conclude your journal entry by reflecting on the importance of tactical financing decisions in the broader spectrum of corporate finance. What did you find most intriguing about the company’s choice, and how do you perceive the role of such decisions in shaping a company’s financial future?

Ensure your journal entry is at least 200 words. Write clearly and concisely, focusing on providing a well-thought-out analysis. While references and citations are not mandatory, if you pull specific data or quotes, ensure they are accurately represented. Review your work for clarity and coherence before submitting.

**## UnitVIIIStudyGuide.pdf**

FIN 6301, Corporate Finance 1

Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII

At the end of this unit, you should be able to:

1. Interpret financial statements to assess a company’s financial performance.
1.3 Analyze a company’s financial statements to assess implications of tactical financing decisions.

5. Recommend financial planning techniques to determine corporate value.

5.6 Utilize financial planning techniques to propose alternative financing strategies.
5.7 Assess the potential impact of financing strategies on corporate value.

Required Unit Resources

Chapter 18: Public and Private Financing: Initial Offerings, Seasoned Offerings, and Investment
Banks (ULO 1.3) You are not required to read the Summary, Questions, or Web Extension at the end of
the chapter.
The purpose of this chapter is to understand public and private financing. First, we outline the financial
life cycle of a start-up company. We list advantages and disadvantages of going public and explain the
steps in going public with an initial public offering (IPO). Next, we measure direct costs and indirect costs
of going public and define equity carve-outs. Finally, we will contrast IPOs with other ways to raise funds
in capital markets, discuss investment banking activities, and show the role private equity firms play in
taking a public company private.

Chapter 19: Lease Financing (ULO 1.3) You are not required to read the Summary, Questions, or Web
Extension at the end of the chapter.
The purpose of this chapter is to understand lease financing. First, we will name the different types of
leases and list the steps in reporting leases on financial statements. Next, we will identify criteria used by
the IRS to determine the tax status of a lease and determine the net advantage of leasing (NAL) for a
nontax-oriented lease. Finally, we will evaluate a lease from the lessor’s viewpoint, show how the 2017
TCJA affected leases, and discuss reasons for leasing other than tax advantages.

Chapter 20: Hybrid Financing: Preferred Stock, Warrants, and Convertibles (ULOs 5.6 and 5.7)
You are not required to read the Summary, Questions, or Web Extension at the end of the chapter.
The purpose of this chapter is to understand hybrid financing. First, we will evaluate the relative risks of
preferred stock, debt, and common equity. We will name some features of preferred stock as well as
advantages and disadvantages of preferred stock. Next, we will show how warrants are used in
financing, determine the pre-tax cost of capital for bonds and warrants, and utilize conversion ratios and
conversion prices. Finally, we will discuss the effect of convertibles and agency costs, contrast warrants
and convertible debt, and explain how to report diluted earnings per share.

Unit Lesson

Lesson: Understanding Corporate Financing: IPOs, Leases, and Hybrids (ULOs 1.3 and 5.6)

In today's ever-evolving financial landscape, understanding the intricacies of corporate financing is
paramount. Delve into the multifaceted world of public offerings, leasing dynamics, and innovative hybrid
securities, gaining invaluable insights to navigate and strategize in the corporate finance realm effectively.

UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE

Tactical Financing Decisions

FIN 6301, Corporate Finance 2

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE

Title

Public and Private Financing: Initial Offerings, Seasoned Offerings, and Investment Banks

The Financial Life Cycle of a Start-up Company

Every company embarks on a journey reminiscent of life itself, facing challenges, milestones, and pivotal
moments that shape its trajectory. This journey can be visualized as a curve, starting with the birth of an idea,
and moving through phases of growth, maturity, and potentially, rejuvenation or decline.

• Seed stage: This is where it all begins. A founder has an idea and starts a business, often
bootstrapping or using their personal savings. The risks are high, and the business model might still
be in its prototype phase.

• Start-up stage: With a proof of concept in hand, external funding sources such as angel investors or
early-stage venture capitalists become potential stakeholders. This funding is crucial to scale the
operations and hire a team.

• Growth and establishment stage: As the company starts generating steady revenue, it may attract
larger venture capital rounds or even contemplate an initial public offering (IPO). This is the stage
where firms like Amazon transitioned from being a promising venture to a dominant market player.

Going Public: Pros and Cons

When a company reaches a certain stature and has a predictable revenue model, it might consider going
public. This decision, however, is multifaceted.

Advantages can include market credibility—being publicly listed can enhance a company's reputation and
visibility in the market. Another advantage is employee benefits because stock options become a viable
incentive for attracting top talent.

Disadvantages can include reporting pressure because quarterly reporting can force companies to be short-
term focused. Another possible disadvantage is vulnerability to market fluctuations. The company's stock
price can be influenced by market conditions beyond its control.

Costs of Going Public

Going public is an expensive affair. Companies need to be aware that the influx of capital comes at a price.
Direct costs are relatively straightforward—fees paid to investment bankers, legal teams, and for promotional
events leading up to the IPO. Indirect costs can be trickier to quantify. They can include potential hits to the
company’s image if the IPO does not go as planned, the opportunity cost of the time senior management
invests in the process, and potential changes in company culture post-IPO.

Equity Carve-Outs and Alternatives to IPOs

Not all companies choose the IPO route. There are several alternatives:

FIN 6301, Corporate Finance 3

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE

Title

Investment Banking and Private Equity

These entities are the gatekeepers and facilitators of the financial world. Investment banks serve as
intermediaries, helping companies navigate the complex process of going public, from valuation to ensuring
regulatory compliance. Private equity firms see value where others do not. They might buy out public
companies, streamline operations, and potentially relist them. Their modus operandi is to extract maximum
value from their investments, sometimes leading to industry transformation.

As companies evolve, so do their financing needs. The choice of how and when to secure funds is a strategic
one, influencing not just the company’s balance sheet, but its very ethos and future trajectory.

Lease Financing

Leases are versatile financial instruments, allowing businesses to access assets without direct ownership.
While there are many ways to categorize leases, the most common distinction is between operating and
capital (or finance) leases. Operating leases are often used for short-term needs and do not transfer
ownership of the asset. The lessee simply pays for the use of the asset, and at the end of the lease term,
returns it. This can be compared to renting an apartment. Capital (finance) leases are more long-term in
nature and are structured so that the lessee assumes most benefits and risks associated with ownership. By
the end of the lease term, the lessee might have the option to purchase the asset. Think of it as a car lease
where you might buy the vehicle at the end.

Reporting Leases on Financial Statements

Financial transparency is a cornerstone of modern business. Therefore, the way companies report leases is
of paramount importance:

FIN 6301, Corporate Finance 4

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE

Title

Tax Status and Net Advantage of Leasing (NAL)

Leasing is not just about accessing assets; it is a strategic decision influenced by various financial
implications, one of which is tax implications. Depending on how a lease is structured and classified, there
can be differing tax benefits. For instance, lease payments under an operating lease are often deductible as a
business expense. Another implication is the net advantage of leasing (NAL): This is a comprehensive metric
that weighs the pros and cons of leasing against purchasing. Factors considered include initial costs, monthly
payments, tax implications, and residual value.

2017 TCJA and Its Impact on Leases

Taxation can be a game-changer in financial decision-making. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA)
was one such pivotal moment. One change resulting from the act involved interest limitations. The TCJA
introduced new limits on the deductibility of business interest, potentially impacting the attractiveness of lease
financing. Another change involved alteration in deductions. Changes in how businesses could deduct
expenses related to tangible property influenced leasing decisions, especially for companies heavily reliant on
physical assets.

In essence, leasing is a flexible tool in a company’s financial toolkit, enabling them to strategically manage
their assets, liabilities, and tax obligations. Like all tools, its effectiveness depends on the adeptness with
which it is used in a given situation.

Hybrid Financing: Preferred Stock, Warrants, and Convertibles

The Complexity of Preferred Stock

At its core, preferred stock is a unique blend of debt and equity representing ownership in a company but with
a priority claim on dividends and assets. Unlike common stockholders, preferred stockholders receive
dividends before any are distributed to common stockholders. However, the dividends are typically fixed,
much like interest payments on a debt. Preferred stock carries less risk than common stock but also usually
offers less potential for appreciation. It sits in between debt and common equity in the capital structure. For
companies, they can be an efficient way to raise capital without diluting common equity or taking on debt
obligations.

FIN 6301, Corporate Finance 5

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE

Title

The Role of Warrants in Financing

In essence, warrants are like options, providing the right but not the obligation to buy shares at a
predetermined price. Warrants add utility in fundraising; when companies issue bonds, adding warrants can
enhance their attractiveness. This strategy often appeals to investors who seek potential equity upside while
still having the safety of a bond. The value of a warrant depends on various factors like the underlying stock
price, volatility, and time to expiration. They can be traded separately from their associated bonds, offering a
liquidity advantage.

Convertibles and Their Impact

Convertible securities, be it bonds or preferred stock, offer a middle ground, blending the characteristics of
debt and equity.

• Advantages to issuers: Convertibles often carry lower interest or dividend rates than their
nonconvertible counterparts because they offer the possibility of conversion to common stock. This
can be advantageous for companies in sectors like tech, where equity appreciation potential is high.

• Advantages to investors: Convertibles provide a sort of safety net. If the company does well and its
stock price rises, they can convert their securities to common stock, capturing the upside. If the stock
does not perform, they still receive the bond's interest or the preferred stock’s dividend.

• Dilution concerns: One potential downside for existing shareholders is the dilution of their equity when
convertibles are converted into common stock. However, this typically happens when the stock is
performing well, so the dilution comes at a time of upward price movement.

In the vast spectrum of financial instruments, hybrid securities like preferred stock, warrants, and convertibles
offer both challenges and opportunities. They exemplify the innovative ways in which companies can raise
capital while providing investors with a range of risk and reward profiles.

Reference

Naranjo, P., Saavedra, D., & Verdi, R. S. (2022, October). The pecking order and financing decisions:

Evidence from changes to financial-reporting regulation. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance,
37(4), 727–750.
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=bsu&AN=158631326&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Suggested Unit Resources

Article: The Pecking Order and Financing Decisions: Evidence From Changes to Financial-
Reporting Regulation (Optional)
This article looks at the importance of pecking order theory in relation to financial-reporting regulation
and making financing decisions (24 pages).

**## CorporateFinanceFIN6301UnitVIIIJournal.docx**

2

Corporate Finance ECO 6301

Unit VIII Journal

This journal measures your mastery of ULOs 1.3, 5.6, and 5.7.

Tactical financing decisions are essential as they guide a company’s immediate financial strategies. They encompass the decisions about how a company obtains and uses funds in the short term. In this journal entry, you will dive deep into a real-world example, analyzing a company's recent tactical financing decision and suggesting alternative approaches. This exercise will help cement your understanding of the concepts from the lesson and textbook as you apply them in a practical context.

Start by selecting a company whose recent tactical financing decision piqued your interest. It could be a company that recently went public, secured a new lease agreement, or issued hybrid financing instruments such as preferred stocks or convertible bonds.

· Analysis: Based on the knowledge you’ve gained in this unit, briefly describe the company’s recent tactical financing decision. Assess the potential benefits and challenges of this decision for the company.

· Alternative financing decisions: Drawing from your understanding of public and private financing, lease financing, and hybrid financing, propose at least two alternative financing strategies the company could have considered. Predict the potential impact of each of your proposed alternatives on the company’s value. Would your proposed alternatives increase or decrease the company’s value? Why?

· Reflection: Conclude your journal entry by reflecting on the importance of tactical financing decisions in the broader spectrum of corporate finance. What did you find most intriguing about the company’s choice, and how do you perceive the role of such decisions in shaping a company’s financial future?

Ensure your journal entry is at least 200 words. Write clearly and concisely, focusing on providing a well-thought-out analysis. While references and citations are not mandatory, if you pull specific data or quotes, ensure they are accurately represented. Review your work for clarity and coherence before submitting.

**## UnitVIIIStudyGuide.pdf**

FIN 6301, Corporate Finance 1

Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII

At the end of this unit, you should be able to:

1. Interpret financial statements to assess a company’s financial performance.
1.3 Analyze a company’s financial statements to assess implications of tactical financing decisions.

5. Recommend financial planning techniques to determine corporate value.

5.6 Utilize financial planning techniques to propose alternative financing strategies.
5.7 Assess the potential impact of financing strategies on corporate value.

Required Unit Resources

Chapter 18: Public and Private Financing: Initial Offerings, Seasoned Offerings, and Investment
Banks (ULO 1.3) You are not required to read the Summary, Questions, or Web Extension at the end of
the chapter.
The purpose of this chapter is to understand public and private financing. First, we outline the financial
life cycle of a start-up company. We list advantages and disadvantages of going public and explain the
steps in going public with an initial public offering (IPO). Next, we measure direct costs and indirect costs
of going public and define equity carve-outs. Finally, we will contrast IPOs with other ways to raise funds
in capital markets, discuss investment banking activities, and show the role private equity firms play in
taking a public company private.

Chapter 19: Lease Financing (ULO 1.3) You are not required to read the Summary, Questions, or Web
Extension at the end of the chapter.
The purpose of this chapter is to understand lease financing. First, we will name the different types of
leases and list the steps in reporting leases on financial statements. Next, we will identify criteria used by
the IRS to determine the tax status of a lease and determine the net advantage of leasing (NAL) for a
nontax-oriented lease. Finally, we will evaluate a lease from the lessor’s viewpoint, show how the 2017
TCJA affected leases, and discuss reasons for leasing other than tax advantages.

Chapter 20: Hybrid Financing: Preferred Stock, Warrants, and Convertibles (ULOs 5.6 and 5.7)
You are not required to read the Summary, Questions, or Web Extension at the end of the chapter.
The purpose of this chapter is to understand hybrid financing. First, we will evaluate the relative risks of
preferred stock, debt, and common equity. We will name some features of preferred stock as well as
advantages and disadvantages of preferred stock. Next, we will show how warrants are used in
financing, determine the pre-tax cost of capital for bonds and warrants, and utilize conversion ratios and
conversion prices. Finally, we will discuss the effect of convertibles and agency costs, contrast warrants
and convertible debt, and explain how to report diluted earnings per share.

Unit Lesson

Lesson: Understanding Corporate Financing: IPOs, Leases, and Hybrids (ULOs 1.3 and 5.6)

In today's ever-evolving financial landscape, understanding the intricacies of corporate financing is
paramount. Delve into the multifaceted world of public offerings, leasing dynamics, and innovative hybrid
securities, gaining invaluable insights to navigate and strategize in the corporate finance realm effectively.

UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE

Tactical Financing Decisions

FIN 6301, Corporate Finance 2

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE

Title

Public and Private Financing: Initial Offerings, Seasoned Offerings, and Investment Banks

The Financial Life Cycle of a Start-up Company

Every company embarks on a journey reminiscent of life itself, facing challenges, milestones, and pivotal
moments that shape its trajectory. This journey can be visualized as a curve, starting with the birth of an idea,
and moving through phases of growth, maturity, and potentially, rejuvenation or decline.

• Seed stage: This is where it all begins. A founder has an idea and starts a business, often
bootstrapping or using their personal savings. The risks are high, and the business model might still
be in its prototype phase.

• Start-up stage: With a proof of concept in hand, external funding sources such as angel investors or
early-stage venture capitalists become potential stakeholders. This funding is crucial to scale the
operations and hire a team.

• Growth and establishment stage: As the company starts generating steady revenue, it may attract
larger venture capital rounds or even contemplate an initial public offering (IPO). This is the stage
where firms like Amazon transitioned from being a promising venture to a dominant market player.

Going Public: Pros and Cons

When a company reaches a certain stature and has a predictable revenue model, it might consider going
public. This decision, however, is multifaceted.

Advantages can include market credibility—being publicly listed can enhance a company's reputation and
visibility in the market. Another advantage is employee benefits because stock options become a viable
incentive for attracting top talent.

Disadvantages can include reporting pressure because quarterly reporting can force companies to be short-
term focused. Another possible disadvantage is vulnerability to market fluctuations. The company's stock
price can be influenced by market conditions beyond its control.

Costs of Going Public

Going public is an expensive affair. Companies need to be aware that the influx of capital comes at a price.
Direct costs are relatively straightforward—fees paid to investment bankers, legal teams, and for promotional
events leading up to the IPO. Indirect costs can be trickier to quantify. They can include potential hits to the
company’s image if the IPO does not go as planned, the opportunity cost of the time senior management
invests in the process, and potential changes in company culture post-IPO.

Equity Carve-Outs and Alternatives to IPOs

Not all companies choose the IPO route. There are several alternatives:

FIN 6301, Corporate Finance 3

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE

Title

Investment Banking and Private Equity

These entities are the gatekeepers and facilitators of the financial world. Investment banks serve as
intermediaries, helping companies navigate the complex process of going public, from valuation to ensuring
regulatory compliance. Private equity firms see value where others do not. They might buy out public
companies, streamline operations, and potentially relist them. Their modus operandi is to extract maximum
value from their investments, sometimes leading to industry transformation.

As companies evolve, so do their financing needs. The choice of how and when to secure funds is a strategic
one, influencing not just the company’s balance sheet, but its very ethos and future trajectory.

Lease Financing

Leases are versatile financial instruments, allowing businesses to access assets without direct ownership.
While there are many ways to categorize leases, the most common distinction is between operating and
capital (or finance) leases. Operating leases are often used for short-term needs and do not transfer
ownership of the asset. The lessee simply pays for the use of the asset, and at the end of the lease term,
returns it. This can be compared to renting an apartment. Capital (finance) leases are more long-term in
nature and are structured so that the lessee assumes most benefits and risks associated with ownership. By
the end of the lease term, the lessee might have the option to purchase the asset. Think of it as a car lease
where you might buy the vehicle at the end.

Reporting Leases on Financial Statements

Financial transparency is a cornerstone of modern business. Therefore, the way companies report leases is
of paramount importance:

FIN 6301, Corporate Finance 4

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE

Title

Tax Status and Net Advantage of Leasing (NAL)

Leasing is not just about accessing assets; it is a strategic decision influenced by various financial
implications, one of which is tax implications. Depending on how a lease is structured and classified, there
can be differing tax benefits. For instance, lease payments under an operating lease are often deductible as a
business expense. Another implication is the net advantage of leasing (NAL): This is a comprehensive metric
that weighs the pros and cons of leasing against purchasing. Factors considered include initial costs, monthly
payments, tax implications, and residual value.

2017 TCJA and Its Impact on Leases

Taxation can be a game-changer in financial decision-making. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA)
was one such pivotal moment. One change resulting from the act involved interest limitations. The TCJA
introduced new limits on the deductibility of business interest, potentially impacting the attractiveness of lease
financing. Another change involved alteration in deductions. Changes in how businesses could deduct
expenses related to tangible property influenced leasing decisions, especially for companies heavily reliant on
physical assets.

In essence, leasing is a flexible tool in a company’s financial toolkit, enabling them to strategically manage
their assets, liabilities, and tax obligations. Like all tools, its effectiveness depends on the adeptness with
which it is used in a given situation.

Hybrid Financing: Preferred Stock, Warrants, and Convertibles

The Complexity of Preferred Stock

At its core, preferred stock is a unique blend of debt and equity representing ownership in a company but with
a priority claim on dividends and assets. Unlike common stockholders, preferred stockholders receive
dividends before any are distributed to common stockholders. However, the dividends are typically fixed,
much like interest payments on a debt. Preferred stock carries less risk than common stock but also usually
offers less potential for appreciation. It sits in between debt and common equity in the capital structure. For
companies, they can be an efficient way to raise capital without diluting common equity or taking on debt
obligations.

FIN 6301, Corporate Finance 5

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE

Title

The Role of Warrants in Financing

In essence, warrants are like options, providing the right but not the obligation to buy shares at a
predetermined price. Warrants add utility in fundraising; when companies issue bonds, adding warrants can
enhance their attractiveness. This strategy often appeals to investors who seek potential equity upside while
still having the safety of a bond. The value of a warrant depends on various factors like the underlying stock
price, volatility, and time to expiration. They can be traded separately from their associated bonds, offering a
liquidity advantage.

Convertibles and Their Impact

Convertible securities, be it bonds or preferred stock, offer a middle ground, blending the characteristics of
debt and equity.

• Advantages to issuers: Convertibles often carry lower interest or dividend rates than their
nonconvertible counterparts because they offer the possibility of conversion to common stock. This
can be advantageous for companies in sectors like tech, where equity appreciation potential is high.

• Advantages to investors: Convertibles provide a sort of safety net. If the company does well and its
stock price rises, they can convert their securities to common stock, capturing the upside. If the stock
does not perform, they still receive the bond's interest or the preferred stock’s dividend.

• Dilution concerns: One potential downside for existing shareholders is the dilution of their equity when
convertibles are converted into common stock. However, this typically happens when the stock is
performing well, so the dilution comes at a time of upward price movement.

In the vast spectrum of financial instruments, hybrid securities like preferred stock, warrants, and convertibles
offer both challenges and opportunities. They exemplify the innovative ways in which companies can raise
capital while providing investors with a range of risk and reward profiles.

Reference

Naranjo, P., Saavedra, D., & Verdi, R. S. (2022, October). The pecking order and financing decisions:

Evidence from changes to financial-reporting regulation. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance,
37(4), 727–750.
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=bsu&AN=158631326&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Suggested Unit Resources

Article: The Pecking Order and Financing Decisions: Evidence From Changes to Financial-
Reporting Regulation (Optional)
This article looks at the importance of pecking order theory in relation to financial-reporting regulation
and making financing decisions (24 pages).

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