Tag: Model Answer

  • [Solved] CCA 640: Cloud Computing Implementations and Migrations 2258

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  • [Solved] Nursing Clinical Assignment: Quality Improvement Final

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    **Goal:** – To assess a clinical issue that is the focus of the Quality Improvement Project. – Evaluate the clinical project. – Create an outline of the action plan for the project. req 01. A description of the clinical issue to be addressed in the project. 02. A SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportu…

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    **Goal:**
    – To assess a clinical issue that is the focus of the Quality Improvement Project.
    – Evaluate the clinical project.
    – Create an outline of the action plan for the project.
    req
    01. A description of the clinical issue to be addressed in the project.
    02. A SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis for the project. Analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to the quality improvement process.
    03. An outline of the action plan for the project.
    04. An assessment of clinical issue that is the focus of the quality improvement project.
    05. Discuss stakeholders and decision makers who need to be involved in the quality improvement project.
    06. Discuss resources including budget, personnel and time needed for the quality improvement project.
    07. Discuss potential strategies for implementation and evaluation.
    08. Identify stakeholders that will be impacted by the quality improvement project.
    09. Identify and discussed resources including budget needed to implement the quality improvement project.
    10. Develop an action plan for change including a proposed implementation time line
    – 12 pages in length and formatted per the current APA, excluding the title, abstract and references page.  minimum of 9 current (published within the last five years) scholarly journal articles or primary legal sources
    no AI , Turnitinreport

  • [Solved] thomas

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    Any use of AI will receive an automatic 0- #### Leadership Role in Literacy Instruction **A comprehensive approach to literacy includes many factors, such as the interdependent relationship of writing, reading, speaking, listening, and digital literacy practices from birth through grade 12.** **Toda…

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    Any use of AI will receive an automatic 0-
    #### Leadership Role in Literacy Instruction
    **A comprehensive approach to literacy includes many factors,  such as the interdependent relationship of writing, reading, speaking,  listening, and digital literacy practices from birth through grade 12.**
    **Today, school leaders should be prepared to design and organize a comprehensive literacy program.**
    **Use the prompts to guide an original response:**
    – Why is it important for school leaders to take an active role in literacy design?
    – Reflect on your own experiences with literacy leadership.
    I am currently a middle school teacher, I also have been a high school guidance counselor as well as I teach college courses to online students.

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    Apply the social-ecological model (SEM) to the health issue of obesity. Describe factors associated with obesity at the individual, interpersonal, institutional/organizational, community, and social/policy levels. Which of the factors you identified do you think would be the most challenging to addr…

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    Apply the social-ecological model (SEM) to the health issue of obesity. Describe factors associated with obesity at the individual, interpersonal, institutional/organizational, community, and social/policy levels. Which of the factors you identified do you think would be the most challenging to address? Why?
    \
    Annotated_Bibliography_APA7-1.docx](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/annotated-bibliography-apa7-1-docx "Annotated_Bibliography_APA7-1.docx")

  • [Solved] thomas responses

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    Please see attachment – ## module1responsesthomas.docx **## module1responsesthomas.docx** respond to the posts. Any use of Ai will result in automatic 0 1. **Leadership Role in Literacy Instruction** by Dustin Flowers New School leaders need to be involved in the design of the school’s reading and …

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    Please see attachment

    – ## module1responsesthomas.docx

    **## module1responsesthomas.docx**

    respond to the posts. Any use of Ai will result in automatic 0

    1.

    **Leadership Role in Literacy Instruction**

    by Dustin Flowers       New

    School  leaders need to be involved in the design of the school’s reading and  writing program as only they can see and plan for the whole school. The  principal is the one person that can develop a unified and cohesive plan  for all aspects of literacy across the whole school. Literacy  instruction is easily relegated to a list of disconnected lessons that  do not build upon each other from grade to grade or integrate important  areas if it is not under direct leadership. A school may have a strong  phonics program for its early readers but as Shanahan (2003) explains,  reading instruction is more than phonics and should include vocabulary  and comprehension for older readers (Herrera et al., 2016). The  principal’s job is to ensure all those pieces are in place. Leaders also  need to advocate for a blending of skills in writing, speaking, and  “new” literacies like digital literacy and the way those skills work  together. As Cakiroglu (2018) notes, literacy skills are better  developed when integrated, and Lankshear & Knobel (2018) advocate  for the addition of the “new literacies” to the core. In my own  experience, the only time I saw sustained increases in student literacy  was when principals evolved from building managers to instructional  leaders who organized and supported teacher collaboration and provided  them with the necessary tools. Without an active leader in the school to  lead and coordinate, a school literacy program is destined to be  disjointed and ineffective.

    2.

    **Importance for School Leaders to Take an Active Role in Literacy Design?**

    Literacy design provides resources and professional development tools  to help educators create high-quality literacy that aligns with state  and national standards, ultimately improving student learning outcomes.  Literacy design can include curriculum design, instructional design,  inclusive design, and visual literacy design. This is also true for  higher education. As a nurse educator and a leader in the school of  nursing, leadership needs to take an active role in literacy design. Not  all students learn at the same pace, and all stakeholders need to be  aware that producing high-quality literacy instruction is a shared  vision that empowers educators to promote continuous learning for  students and faculty alike (Bean & Ippolito, n.d.). If all  stakeholders do not share leadership, then student learning outcomes  will not be met, and this could jeopardize the state and national  accreditation standards. Leaders also identify and promote faculty  development to assist in the development of literacy initiatives  (Overstreet, 2023).

    **Reflection on Own Experiences with Literacy Leadership**

    As a nurse educator, I have direct contact with my students’ learning  in higher education. I teach didactics for core nursing courses, and it  is my responsibility to create new exam questions that not only cover  the course content but also expand students’ knowledge on how to  approach NCLEX-style questions to pass their national nursing exam and  become a registered nurse. When exams are taken, I analyze the analytics  of each exam question to determine if the questions measured what they  were supposed to. Additionally, reviewing the analytics enables me to  determine if the students have understood the content. As a nurse  educator in the academic setting for twenty years, I have been and  continue to be a mentor to novice educators, helping them navigate the  leadership process and assisting others in improving their instructional  practices. One thing about nurses is that we know how to utilize  technology in the clinical setting, but when it comes to new technology  being developed, we often fall behind. Our students are more advanced  than we are, as they have grown up with technology, while most of us  remember when the internet first became available. As a faculty, we take  professional development seriously and continue to strive to adapt as  technology evolves. We have high-tech equipment that simulates patient  care in various settings, including code situations and birthing babies.  Our new initiative is embracing AI and helping our students use it  effectively. It is not intended to complete their homework assignments,  but rather to supplement NCLEX-style application questions for their  exams.

    **## module1responsesthomas.docx**

    respond to the posts. Any use of Ai will result in automatic 0

    1.

    **Leadership Role in Literacy Instruction**

    by Dustin Flowers       New

    School  leaders need to be involved in the design of the school’s reading and  writing program as only they can see and plan for the whole school. The  principal is the one person that can develop a unified and cohesive plan  for all aspects of literacy across the whole school. Literacy  instruction is easily relegated to a list of disconnected lessons that  do not build upon each other from grade to grade or integrate important  areas if it is not under direct leadership. A school may have a strong  phonics program for its early readers but as Shanahan (2003) explains,  reading instruction is more than phonics and should include vocabulary  and comprehension for older readers (Herrera et al., 2016). The  principal’s job is to ensure all those pieces are in place. Leaders also  need to advocate for a blending of skills in writing, speaking, and  “new” literacies like digital literacy and the way those skills work  together. As Cakiroglu (2018) notes, literacy skills are better  developed when integrated, and Lankshear & Knobel (2018) advocate  for the addition of the “new literacies” to the core. In my own  experience, the only time I saw sustained increases in student literacy  was when principals evolved from building managers to instructional  leaders who organized and supported teacher collaboration and provided  them with the necessary tools. Without an active leader in the school to  lead and coordinate, a school literacy program is destined to be  disjointed and ineffective.

    2.

    **Importance for School Leaders to Take an Active Role in Literacy Design?**

    Literacy design provides resources and professional development tools  to help educators create high-quality literacy that aligns with state  and national standards, ultimately improving student learning outcomes.  Literacy design can include curriculum design, instructional design,  inclusive design, and visual literacy design. This is also true for  higher education. As a nurse educator and a leader in the school of  nursing, leadership needs to take an active role in literacy design. Not  all students learn at the same pace, and all stakeholders need to be  aware that producing high-quality literacy instruction is a shared  vision that empowers educators to promote continuous learning for  students and faculty alike (Bean & Ippolito, n.d.). If all  stakeholders do not share leadership, then student learning outcomes  will not be met, and this could jeopardize the state and national  accreditation standards. Leaders also identify and promote faculty  development to assist in the development of literacy initiatives  (Overstreet, 2023).

    **Reflection on Own Experiences with Literacy Leadership**

    As a nurse educator, I have direct contact with my students’ learning  in higher education. I teach didactics for core nursing courses, and it  is my responsibility to create new exam questions that not only cover  the course content but also expand students’ knowledge on how to  approach NCLEX-style questions to pass their national nursing exam and  become a registered nurse. When exams are taken, I analyze the analytics  of each exam question to determine if the questions measured what they  were supposed to. Additionally, reviewing the analytics enables me to  determine if the students have understood the content. As a nurse  educator in the academic setting for twenty years, I have been and  continue to be a mentor to novice educators, helping them navigate the  leadership process and assisting others in improving their instructional  practices. One thing about nurses is that we know how to utilize  technology in the clinical setting, but when it comes to new technology  being developed, we often fall behind. Our students are more advanced  than we are, as they have grown up with technology, while most of us  remember when the internet first became available. As a faculty, we take  professional development seriously and continue to strive to adapt as  technology evolves. We have high-tech equipment that simulates patient  care in various settings, including code situations and birthing babies.  Our new initiative is embracing AI and helping our students use it  effectively. It is not intended to complete their homework assignments,  but rather to supplement NCLEX-style application questions for their  exams.

  • [Solved] Education thomas assignment 1

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    Any use of AI will result in automatic 0 please see attachment – ## Thomasassignment11.docx – ## District748LiteracyPlan2022-23.pdf – ComprehensiveLiteracyPlan-ReadingRecoveryCouncilofNorthAmerica.htm **## Thomasassignment11.docx** 2 **Literacy is critical to economic development, individual success…

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    Any use of AI will result in automatic 0
    please see attachment

    – ## Thomasassignment11.docx

    – ## District748LiteracyPlan2022-23.pdf

    – ComprehensiveLiteracyPlan-ReadingRecoveryCouncilofNorthAmerica.htm

    **## Thomasassignment11.docx**

    2

    **Literacy is critical to economic development, individual success, and community well-being. To improve literacy achievement, school districts are responsible for creating a comprehensive plan for implementing evidence-based programs and practices.**

    In this assignment, you will create a working draft of a comprehensive plan to ensure all literacy components are included in the school and district-level approaches.

    **Step 1. Review**
    Review the resources linked on the Learning Objects page supporting the creation of a district-level plan for literacy.

    **Step 2. Determine**
    Determine evidence-based practices for literacy instruction in Grades K-12.

    **Step 3. Establish**
    Establish how each component of your plan will be evaluated to determine its effectiveness.

    **Step 4. Create**
    Create a 3-5-page comprehensive plan. Your draft plan will be peer-reviewed in the Module 2 discussion.

    **Step 5. Conclude**
    Conclude with a two-page reflection about this process and anticipate what barriers might prevent the plan’s implementation.

    **Step 6. Submit**
    For this assignment, you will submit two documents:

    · Proposed literacy plan and

    · APA-formatted reflection paper with an introduction and conclusion. Be sure to include a title page, in-text citations, and a references page.

    **## District748LiteracyPlan2022-23.pdf**

    1

    Summary and Purpose
    This literacy plan provides an overview of how the Sartell-St. Stephen School District will meet the needs of all students in the area of
    literacy as required by MN State Statute 120B.12. The statute requires every school district to adopt a local literacy plan designed to have
    every child reading at or above grade level no later than the end of grade 3. In addition, students in grade 3 or higher who demonstrate a
    reading difficulty to a classroom teacher must be screened for characteristics of dyslexia, unless a different reason for the reading difficulty
    has been identified. If a student does not read at or above grade level by the end of grade 3, the district must continue to provide reading
    intervention until the student reads at grade level. A personal learning plan for a student who is unable to demonstrate grade-level
    proficiency, as measured by the statewide reading assessment in grade 3, will be monitored for growth towards proficiency.

    A local literacy plan must include a process to assess students’ level of reading proficiency, notify and involve parents, intervene with
    students who are not reading at or above grade level, and identify and meet staff development needs.

    Statement of Goals and Objectives
    The Minnesota Department of Education believes, “Reading well by third grade is one of the many developmental milestones in a
    child’s education. Reading well by grade three ensures that a student has a solid foundation of literacy skills to continue to expand
    their understanding of what they read, make meaning, and transfer that learning across all subject areas. Instruction that provides the
    basis for all students to read well by third grade and beyond will help close the achievement gap and ensure that all students are ready
    for the demands of college and the workplace. From cradle to career, a sustained effort to create quality literacy environments in all
    schools and programs from birth through grade 12 promotes academic success.” In Sartell- St. Stephen, we believe that all district
    stakeholders should be informed of the instructional efforts needed to ensure all students are reading well by third grade as measured
    by the Minnesota Comprehensive Assessments (MCA) system. This will be accomplished by assessing students' reading proficiency
    levels, involving parents, providing support to students who are not at grade level proficiency, and providing appropriate staff
    development to all teachers of reading.

    Statement of Process to Assess Students
    The Sartell-St. Stephen assessment plan represents a comprehensive approach to evaluating student achievement. A variety of
    methods to determine student abilities and performance including screening assessments, diagnostic assessments, progress
    monitoring assessments as well as classroom and curriculum assessments are utilized. Assessment information is necessary to
    support decisions regarding individual students, groups of students and educational programs.

    Screening Assessments: Screening of all students in grades PreK-5 at regular intervals (fall, winter, spring) helps to establish
    expected proficiency outcomes and informs program effectiveness. By establishing an initial baseline for all students, these
    assessments identify individual students who do not meet grade-level expectations. There are a variety of terms that can be used to
    describe a student who is struggling to read: struggling reader, student who is reading below grade level, specific learning disability,
    reading disorder, or dyslexia. Results are used as a starting point for instruction or to indicate a need for further evaluation.

    FastBridge Early Reading Composite: (K-1) This screening tool is given to individual students by trained teachers to determine
    early literacy skills crucial to the success of beginning readers. Each subtest is weighted based on the importance of the skill at

    2

    the determined time.

    Weighting Scheme for earlyReading Composite Scores
    The composite subtest scores are weighted in order to account for the proportional contribution of
    each subject to the student’s overall emerging reading skills. This table displays the relative weights
    for each composite subtest.

    Each weight is coded as low (L), medium (M), or high (H) in the table and the actual weights are
    unique to each subtest.

    Kindergarten FastBridge Early Reading Composite

    Fall
    Target Score

    Winter
    Target Score

    Spring
    Target Score

    Kindergarten 36 55 70

    First Grade FastBridge Early Reading (2 subtests)

    Grade Fall
    Target Score

    Winter
    Target Score

    Spring
    Target Score

    1st grade Nonsense Words – 15
    Sight Words – 41

    NA NA

    3

    FastBridge Oral Reading Fluency: (1-8) This screening tool is given to individual students by trained teachers. Oral Reading Fluency is a strong
    predictor of reading achievement.

    FastBridge Oral Reading Fluency

    Grade Fall
    Target Score

    Winter
    Target Score

    Spring
    Target Score

    1st grade N/A 68 91

    2nd grade 82 108 126

    3rd grade 112 133 147

    4th grade 139 156 170

    5th grade 157 172 187

    6th grade 168 183 195

    7th grade 189 202 213

    8th grade 179 186 201

    4

    FastBridge aReading: (1-8) This screening tool is given to students in a classroom setting using technology and facilitated by the classroom
    teacher. This assessment tests a breadth of reading skills appropriate to each grade level mainly in the areas of comprehension and
    vocabulary.

    FastBridge aReading

    Grade Fall
    Target Score

    Winter
    Target Score

    Spring
    Target Score

    Kindergarten NA NA NA

    1st grade 453 472 481

    2nd grade 485 496 503

    3rd grade 503 510 515

    4rd grade 515 520 524

    5th grade 525 529 534

    6th grade 532 535 538

    7th grade 541 546 546

    8th grade 548 551 552

    Diagnostic Assessments: The purpose of diagnostic assessments is to provide information for planning more effective instruction
    and intervention. Diagnostic assessments provide additional data beyond screening and should be given when there is a clear
    expectation that diagnostic information will offer new or more reliable data about a student’s academic needs. This diagnostic
    assessment information should be used to strategically plan explicit targeted and intensive instruction that will accelerate reading
    proficiency toward grade level expectations. Using diagnostic assessments, standardized screening information, and informal
    classroom assessments will provide a broader understanding into the needs of learners individually and as a group, and guide
    instruction.

    Fountas and Pinnell (K-8): This assessment is strategically used to assist teachers in determining the following information:
    ● Three reading levels for each students: instructional, independent and frustration
    ● Select appropriate texts to use for instruction as well as for independent reading
    ● Identify skill deficit areas to help determine appropriate interventions

    5

    Spelling Inventory (K-8): This assessment is used strategically to assist teachers in determining specific needs in the area of
    phonics.

    Teaching Strategies Gold Pre-K: This assessment is utilized in our Early Childhood and Preschool program. It is an online tool
    that gathers and organizes meaningful data quickly, including online portfolios where children’s work can be stored to create a
    developmental profile of each child that answers the questions, “What does this child know? What is he or she able to do?” TS
    Gold helps teachers understand how instructional observations relate to important objectives for development and learning
    and they use that understanding to scaffold each child’s learning. A teacher uses the data to determine if a child is making
    progress and compares the child’s knowledge, skills, and behaviors to those of most children of his or her age or class/group.
    It assists teachers in recognizing children who might benefit from special help, screening, or further evaluation. Teachers
    generate comprehensive reports that are shared with family members and other stakeholders.

    District Procedures to Screen and Identify Students with Potential Dyslexia and Convergence Insufficiency Disorder: Students
    who are at risk of or experiencing reading difficulties are provided additional screening and support based on needs identified
    in screening.

    ● Path to Reading Excellence in School Sites (PRESS) Screener: The PRESS framework closely aligns with research-based
    practices for both identification and instruction. PRESS outlines processes for data-driven decision making, including
    the use of screening data to identify and serve students who need additional support. It delineates both the
    components of quality core instruction at each grade level and specific interventions that are matched to individual
    student needs. Additionally, PRESS offers classwide interventions that provide quality, skill-based instruction for all
    and can, therefore, help identify those who are not responding to instruction. PRESS provides a systematic process to
    analyze progress monitoring data and make ongoing instructional decisions for individual students. PRESS protocols
    and processes assist educators in documenting students’ response to intervention through ongoing data collection and
    analysis.

    ● Barton Reading and Spelling System Student Screener: The Barton Reading & Spelling System is an intervention system
    for students who struggle to easily and accurately decode words when reading. It provides additional support for
    students, who by second grade are missing the oral reading fluency benchmarks, and who have difficulty with spelling
    – especially when writing sentences, stories, and compositions.

    Based on screening data, the teacher and/or team use the Multi-tiered System of Support Framework to align the student
    needs with an appropriate intervention. The District has included a question on its student registration form and Early
    Intervention form that asks families to identify if there has been a family history of struggles or difficulties with reading or
    Convergence Insufficiency. This information may be used as an additional piece of data when determining next steps to
    support students. Strategic and intensive support (Tier II and III) may include working with a Title or MTSS Interventionist
    using Leveled Literacy Interventions (LLI), Path to Reading Excellence in School Sites (PRESS), and individual and/or classwide
    interventions. When needed, explicit instruction in phonemic awareness and phonics are used to support students who may
    be struggling. If a student states that he or she gets headaches, blurred or double vision, or has eye strain while reading for

    6

    extended periods of time, the information will be shared with parent(s)/guardians for possible further screening by an eye
    care professional.

    Progress Monitoring: Progress monitoring assessments are brief and administered with more regularity than screening and
    diagnostic tools. Progress monitoring assessment data is collected, evaluated, and used on an ongoing basis to determine the rate of a
    student’s progress toward grade level outcomes, to provide information on the effectiveness of intervention and to modify the
    intervention tools if necessary. Progress monitoring tools are matched to the intervention a student is receiving, as well as matched to
    grade level outcomes. A variety of leveled assessment tools will give the best overall picture of a student’s individual progress.
    Examples of progress monitoring tools that are available include FastBridge progress monitoring, and PRESS Skill Outcome progress
    monitoring.

    Parent Notification and Involvement
    Sartell-St. Stephen school staff will notify and involve parents in their child’s literacy development in the following ways:

    ● Email, phone calls, Skylert messages and newsletters
    ● School website, Seesaw and Schoology LMS communications
    ● Parent/Guardian – Teacher Conferences

    Getting Ready for Kindergarten
    Parents/guardians of kindergarten-eligible students are invited to attend an informational session to learn about kindergarten
    registration and the district services provided to kindergarteners such as district transportation, food services, and health services. An
    outline describing the kindergarten program is also shared with families which includes information about how they can help prepare
    their child for kindergarten. This information was developed through a partnership with the United Way and neighboring school
    districts. The brochure "Kindergarten Readiness Expectations" lists language and literacy skills along with other developmentally
    appropriate areas that an incoming kindergarten child would benefit from having some experience. Students are invited in the spring
    before kindergarten entrance to be assessed by kindergarten teachers to gauge their literacy and math skills.

    During the first week of the school year, students and their caregivers will be welcomed into the child’s classroom for a personal,
    40-minute session with the teacher to begin building a home-school partnership and gauge the student’s current skill development.
    The information gathered during this meeting will assist teachers in planning for the initial instruction of all students’ in their classes
    during the first few weeks of school. Progress monitoring data will be frequently collected in the classroom as students begin
    instruction and expand their skill sets and knowledge so that teachers can adjust their instruction to meet their students’ needs.

    Parent/Guardian Conferences
    Teachers and caregivers will formally meet two times during the school year to discuss student progress at Parent/Guardian – Teacher
    Conferences. In addition to conferences, teachers will communicate with students’ caregivers if concerns arise or assessment results
    indicate a need for instructional interventions, remediation or advanced differentiation . Student data collected from FastBridge
    testing 3 times per year will be shared with caregivers at conferences and when the results support a need for an intervention. These
    assessments will facilitate matching student needs to instruction. Benchmarks will be shared and explained. Interventions may
    include, but will not be limited to, the following:

    7

    ● Specific teacher interventions within the classroom
    ● Title I support for identified schools
    ● MN Reading Corps instruction
    ● Success Centers
    ● Summer School
    ● Special Education Programming
    ● Academic Enrichment

    Title I Family Nights (2 per year for federally identified schools)
    Two Family Night events are scheduled each year for schools who have been federally identified as receiving Title I services. Students
    who qualify for Title I services and their families will be invited to these events. Resources will be provided by the Title I teacher to
    parents and caregivers to help support the interventions in place for their child/children and further promote the importance of
    literacy support at home.

    Intervention and Instructional Supports
    Intervention programs assist students who have skill deficits in one or more of the five components of reading: phonemic awareness,
    phonics, fluency, comprehension and/or vocabulary. Based on assessments results and teacher recommendation, students receive a
    multi-tiered level of support that includes research-based interventions in the specific areas of need.

    Tiers of Support include:

    ● Tier I: Core Instruction
    o All students at the elementary level will receive core literacy instruction.
    o Students who are at or above district targets on screening assessments and are making sufficient academic growth will

    have their needs met through instruction in the core curriculum. Students performing below or significantly above grade
    will receive additional support in Tier II and/or Tier III.

    ● Tier II: Extra Support
    o Additional learning opportunities will be given individually or in small groups to all students in grades K-8 for an

    identified area of need (i.e., remediation, extension, or advanced differentiation) for which Tier 1 instruction has been
    shown to not fully address their needs. This additional instruction will be provided in the general education classroom.

    o All students in grades K-8 will receive 30 minutes of explicit and focused instruction, in addition to core instructional
    time, three-five times per week to address skills they require to reach their goal of a full year of academic growth
    during a school year. The Sartell-St. Stephen School District refers to this as WIN (What I Need) time. This additional
    instruction may be provided in the general education classroom or an alternate setting within the school.

    ● Tier III: Intensive Support

    8

    o Students who are significantly below grade level are supported by interventions and specific programs which often
    occur outside the classroom. Instructional and/or evidence-based interventions are administered. A multi-sensory
    approach to reading that includes explicit instruction in phonemic awareness and phonics will be provided. Time,
    group size and intervention are determined based on individual needs and progress in previous tiers.

    o Students who are significantly above grade level (as identified in Sartell-St. Stephen’s MTSS guide) are supported by
    teachers who will academically extend students’ learning beyond the standard benchmark requirement. Time, group
    size and instruction are determined based on individual needs and progress in previous tiers.

    Professional Development on Scientifically-Based Reading Instruction (SBRI)
    Professional development is data-driven, ongoing, and inclusive of all teachers. It is delivered in a variety of formats and aligned with
    state standards and local literacy goals. These opportunities include:
    ● Designated professional development days for teachers. Professional development focuses on district-wide initiatives and building

    needs.
    ● Weekly teacher grade level meetings to reflect on student progress, review student work, review data, and align instruction to

    academic standards and learner outcomes.
    ● Instructional Coaches providing job-embedded professional development supporting best practices in literacy.
    ● District 748 offering a strong mentorship program that supports new teachers in best practices for the first three years of teaching.
    ● Assessment Planning Meetings (data review meetings) convening three times a year to review school-wide and grade-level

    screening data using FastBridge assessments to determine student achievement and growth.
    ● Site and District Level Multi-Tiered System of Support (MTSS) teams reviewing progress monitoring, curriculum-based, attendance

    behavior and other data on a monthly basis.
    ● Content curriculum committees led by content specialists include math, literacy, social studies, science, music, visual art and

    physical education meeting to ensure alignment of curriculum and instruction to MN and National Academic Standards.

    Curriculum and Instruction System
    Adopted reading curriculum for students in grades K-5 includes McGraw-Hill’s Reading Wonders/WonderWorks and Open Court
    Foundational Skills (Phonics) in K-2. These programs align to MN Common Core English Language Arts standards. Reading Wonders is
    taught using a balanced literacy framework. A core literacy instructional block is required for all grades K-8 with an additional 30
    minutes available for intervention support. Open Court Phonics uses a structured literacy model by providing a direct, explicit,
    multi-sensory approach to teach print concepts, phonemic awareness, phonological awareness, and phonics.

    Balanced Literacy is a framework for instructional planning and implementation, not a program for teaching reading. It involves the
    use of observation and assessment to make instructional decisions; the structure of classroom delivery that moves through whole
    group, small group, and independent learning to build student competence and independence; and incorporates a balance of quality
    fiction and nonfiction materials to support instruction and Learning.

    9

    Structured Literacy is an instructional model that prepares students to decode words in an explicit and systematic manner. This approach
    is made up of these instructional elements: phonology, sound-symbol association, syllable instruction, morphology, syntax, and semantics.
    The structured literacy approach has substantial evidence that it is effective for all readers, not just those with reading difficulties.
    Additionally, Zaner-Bloser and Step up to Writing strategies are used as key components of the District’s writing program.

    Student Support System for English Learners
    English as a Second Language (ESL) licensed educators provide services for students who are identified to receive English Language
    instruction. English Language curriculum and programming is aligned to the MN State adopted WIDA English Language Development
    Standards in conjunction with Sartell-St. Stephen curriculum. The goal of the English Learners program is to provide differentiated
    content-based instruction so that students can become proficient in the English language and gain background knowledge necessary
    to meet the Minnesota Academic Standards. ESL teachers work alongside classroom teachers to strengthen core instruction and
    provide interventions in oral language and literacy skills. In addition, English Learners who are reading below grade level may also
    receive reading interventions. Because our current data indicates a need in vocabulary for English Learners, on-going professional
    development will be provided during the school year to address the unique vocabulary needs of the English Learner population.

    Communication System for Annual Reporting
    The Sartell-St. Stephen Public Schools Local Literacy plan will be posted on the Sartell-St. Stephen District website. This plan will be
    reviewed and updated by the Elementary Literacy Instructional Coaches and the K-5 Language Arts content team, in conjunction with the
    Director of Learning and Teaching regarding the information and the usefulness of the documents. Our goal is to continue to improve the
    academic achievement of our students, make necessary adjustments to address all students’ needs, analyze data to make strategic
    programming decisions, and to determine needed training for our educators.

    References and Resources
    Local Literacy Plan Development. Districts are required to develop a local literacy plan to ensure that all students are reading well by no
    later than the end of third grade. The Department of Education provides guidance and resources to assist efforts to understand and meet
    the demands of early reading intervention and the requirements of Reading Well by Third Grade law (Minn. Stat. § 120B.12).

    1. Minnesota Statute 120B.11 School District Process for Reviewing Curriculum, Instruction and Student Achievement: Striving for the
    World’s Best Workforce

    2. MN Statute 120B.12 Reading Proficiently No Later Than the End of Grade 3
    3. A resource for “Navigating the School System When a Child is Struggling with Reading or Dyslexia” can be found here on the MN

    Department of Education website.

    10

    [https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=120B.12](https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=120B.12)

    [https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/2018/cite/120B.11?keyword_type=all&keyword=Worlds+best+workforce](https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/2018/cite/120B.11?keyword_type=all&keyword=Worlds+best+workforce)

    [https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/2018/cite/120B.11?keyword_type=all&keyword=Worlds+best+workforce](https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/2018/cite/120B.11?keyword_type=all&keyword=Worlds+best+workforce)

    [https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/2018/cite/120B.12?keyword_type=all&keyword=reading](https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/2018/cite/120B.12?keyword_type=all&keyword=reading)

    [https://education.mn.gov/MDE/dse/prof/](https://education.mn.gov/MDE/dse/prof/)

    **ComprehensiveLiteracyPlan-ReadingRecoveryCouncilofNorthAmerica.htm**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/comprehensiveliteracyplan-readingrecoverycouncilofnorthamerica-htm-10413771)

    **ComprehensiveLiteracyPlan-ReadingRecoveryCouncilofNorthAmerica.htm**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/comprehensiveliteracyplan-readingrecoverycouncilofnorthamerica-htm-10413771)

    **## Thomasassignment11.docx**

    2

    **Literacy is critical to economic development, individual success, and community well-being. To improve literacy achievement, school districts are responsible for creating a comprehensive plan for implementing evidence-based programs and practices.**

    In this assignment, you will create a working draft of a comprehensive plan to ensure all literacy components are included in the school and district-level approaches.

    **Step 1. Review**
    Review the resources linked on the Learning Objects page supporting the creation of a district-level plan for literacy.

    **Step 2. Determine**
    Determine evidence-based practices for literacy instruction in Grades K-12.

    **Step 3. Establish**
    Establish how each component of your plan will be evaluated to determine its effectiveness.

    **Step 4. Create**
    Create a 3-5-page comprehensive plan. Your draft plan will be peer-reviewed in the Module 2 discussion.

    **Step 5. Conclude**
    Conclude with a two-page reflection about this process and anticipate what barriers might prevent the plan’s implementation.

    **Step 6. Submit**
    For this assignment, you will submit two documents:

    · Proposed literacy plan and

    · APA-formatted reflection paper with an introduction and conclusion. Be sure to include a title page, in-text citations, and a references page.

    **## District748LiteracyPlan2022-23.pdf**

    1

    Summary and Purpose
    This literacy plan provides an overview of how the Sartell-St. Stephen School District will meet the needs of all students in the area of
    literacy as required by MN State Statute 120B.12. The statute requires every school district to adopt a local literacy plan designed to have
    every child reading at or above grade level no later than the end of grade 3. In addition, students in grade 3 or higher who demonstrate a
    reading difficulty to a classroom teacher must be screened for characteristics of dyslexia, unless a different reason for the reading difficulty
    has been identified. If a student does not read at or above grade level by the end of grade 3, the district must continue to provide reading
    intervention until the student reads at grade level. A personal learning plan for a student who is unable to demonstrate grade-level
    proficiency, as measured by the statewide reading assessment in grade 3, will be monitored for growth towards proficiency.

    A local literacy plan must include a process to assess students’ level of reading proficiency, notify and involve parents, intervene with
    students who are not reading at or above grade level, and identify and meet staff development needs.

    Statement of Goals and Objectives
    The Minnesota Department of Education believes, “Reading well by third grade is one of the many developmental milestones in a
    child’s education. Reading well by grade three ensures that a student has a solid foundation of literacy skills to continue to expand
    their understanding of what they read, make meaning, and transfer that learning across all subject areas. Instruction that provides the
    basis for all students to read well by third grade and beyond will help close the achievement gap and ensure that all students are ready
    for the demands of college and the workplace. From cradle to career, a sustained effort to create quality literacy environments in all
    schools and programs from birth through grade 12 promotes academic success.” In Sartell- St. Stephen, we believe that all district
    stakeholders should be informed of the instructional efforts needed to ensure all students are reading well by third grade as measured
    by the Minnesota Comprehensive Assessments (MCA) system. This will be accomplished by assessing students' reading proficiency
    levels, involving parents, providing support to students who are not at grade level proficiency, and providing appropriate staff
    development to all teachers of reading.

    Statement of Process to Assess Students
    The Sartell-St. Stephen assessment plan represents a comprehensive approach to evaluating student achievement. A variety of
    methods to determine student abilities and performance including screening assessments, diagnostic assessments, progress
    monitoring assessments as well as classroom and curriculum assessments are utilized. Assessment information is necessary to
    support decisions regarding individual students, groups of students and educational programs.

    Screening Assessments: Screening of all students in grades PreK-5 at regular intervals (fall, winter, spring) helps to establish
    expected proficiency outcomes and informs program effectiveness. By establishing an initial baseline for all students, these
    assessments identify individual students who do not meet grade-level expectations. There are a variety of terms that can be used to
    describe a student who is struggling to read: struggling reader, student who is reading below grade level, specific learning disability,
    reading disorder, or dyslexia. Results are used as a starting point for instruction or to indicate a need for further evaluation.

    FastBridge Early Reading Composite: (K-1) This screening tool is given to individual students by trained teachers to determine
    early literacy skills crucial to the success of beginning readers. Each subtest is weighted based on the importance of the skill at

    2

    the determined time.

    Weighting Scheme for earlyReading Composite Scores
    The composite subtest scores are weighted in order to account for the proportional contribution of
    each subject to the student’s overall emerging reading skills. This table displays the relative weights
    for each composite subtest.

    Each weight is coded as low (L), medium (M), or high (H) in the table and the actual weights are
    unique to each subtest.

    Kindergarten FastBridge Early Reading Composite

    Fall
    Target Score

    Winter
    Target Score

    Spring
    Target Score

    Kindergarten 36 55 70

    First Grade FastBridge Early Reading (2 subtests)

    Grade Fall
    Target Score

    Winter
    Target Score

    Spring
    Target Score

    1st grade Nonsense Words – 15
    Sight Words – 41

    NA NA

    3

    FastBridge Oral Reading Fluency: (1-8) This screening tool is given to individual students by trained teachers. Oral Reading Fluency is a strong
    predictor of reading achievement.

    FastBridge Oral Reading Fluency

    Grade Fall
    Target Score

    Winter
    Target Score

    Spring
    Target Score

    1st grade N/A 68 91

    2nd grade 82 108 126

    3rd grade 112 133 147

    4th grade 139 156 170

    5th grade 157 172 187

    6th grade 168 183 195

    7th grade 189 202 213

    8th grade 179 186 201

    4

    FastBridge aReading: (1-8) This screening tool is given to students in a classroom setting using technology and facilitated by the classroom
    teacher. This assessment tests a breadth of reading skills appropriate to each grade level mainly in the areas of comprehension and
    vocabulary.

    FastBridge aReading

    Grade Fall
    Target Score

    Winter
    Target Score

    Spring
    Target Score

    Kindergarten NA NA NA

    1st grade 453 472 481

    2nd grade 485 496 503

    3rd grade 503 510 515

    4rd grade 515 520 524

    5th grade 525 529 534

    6th grade 532 535 538

    7th grade 541 546 546

    8th grade 548 551 552

    Diagnostic Assessments: The purpose of diagnostic assessments is to provide information for planning more effective instruction
    and intervention. Diagnostic assessments provide additional data beyond screening and should be given when there is a clear
    expectation that diagnostic information will offer new or more reliable data about a student’s academic needs. This diagnostic
    assessment information should be used to strategically plan explicit targeted and intensive instruction that will accelerate reading
    proficiency toward grade level expectations. Using diagnostic assessments, standardized screening information, and informal
    classroom assessments will provide a broader understanding into the needs of learners individually and as a group, and guide
    instruction.

    Fountas and Pinnell (K-8): This assessment is strategically used to assist teachers in determining the following information:
    ● Three reading levels for each students: instructional, independent and frustration
    ● Select appropriate texts to use for instruction as well as for independent reading
    ● Identify skill deficit areas to help determine appropriate interventions

    5

    Spelling Inventory (K-8): This assessment is used strategically to assist teachers in determining specific needs in the area of
    phonics.

    Teaching Strategies Gold Pre-K: This assessment is utilized in our Early Childhood and Preschool program. It is an online tool
    that gathers and organizes meaningful data quickly, including online portfolios where children’s work can be stored to create a
    developmental profile of each child that answers the questions, “What does this child know? What is he or she able to do?” TS
    Gold helps teachers understand how instructional observations relate to important objectives for development and learning
    and they use that understanding to scaffold each child’s learning. A teacher uses the data to determine if a child is making
    progress and compares the child’s knowledge, skills, and behaviors to those of most children of his or her age or class/group.
    It assists teachers in recognizing children who might benefit from special help, screening, or further evaluation. Teachers
    generate comprehensive reports that are shared with family members and other stakeholders.

    District Procedures to Screen and Identify Students with Potential Dyslexia and Convergence Insufficiency Disorder: Students
    who are at risk of or experiencing reading difficulties are provided additional screening and support based on needs identified
    in screening.

    ● Path to Reading Excellence in School Sites (PRESS) Screener: The PRESS framework closely aligns with research-based
    practices for both identification and instruction. PRESS outlines processes for data-driven decision making, including
    the use of screening data to identify and serve students who need additional support. It delineates both the
    components of quality core instruction at each grade level and specific interventions that are matched to individual
    student needs. Additionally, PRESS offers classwide interventions that provide quality, skill-based instruction for all
    and can, therefore, help identify those who are not responding to instruction. PRESS provides a systematic process to
    analyze progress monitoring data and make ongoing instructional decisions for individual students. PRESS protocols
    and processes assist educators in documenting students’ response to intervention through ongoing data collection and
    analysis.

    ● Barton Reading and Spelling System Student Screener: The Barton Reading & Spelling System is an intervention system
    for students who struggle to easily and accurately decode words when reading. It provides additional support for
    students, who by second grade are missing the oral reading fluency benchmarks, and who have difficulty with spelling
    – especially when writing sentences, stories, and compositions.

    Based on screening data, the teacher and/or team use the Multi-tiered System of Support Framework to align the student
    needs with an appropriate intervention. The District has included a question on its student registration form and Early
    Intervention form that asks families to identify if there has been a family history of struggles or difficulties with reading or
    Convergence Insufficiency. This information may be used as an additional piece of data when determining next steps to
    support students. Strategic and intensive support (Tier II and III) may include working with a Title or MTSS Interventionist
    using Leveled Literacy Interventions (LLI), Path to Reading Excellence in School Sites (PRESS), and individual and/or classwide
    interventions. When needed, explicit instruction in phonemic awareness and phonics are used to support students who may
    be struggling. If a student states that he or she gets headaches, blurred or double vision, or has eye strain while reading for

    6

    extended periods of time, the information will be shared with parent(s)/guardians for possible further screening by an eye
    care professional.

    Progress Monitoring: Progress monitoring assessments are brief and administered with more regularity than screening and
    diagnostic tools. Progress monitoring assessment data is collected, evaluated, and used on an ongoing basis to determine the rate of a
    student’s progress toward grade level outcomes, to provide information on the effectiveness of intervention and to modify the
    intervention tools if necessary. Progress monitoring tools are matched to the intervention a student is receiving, as well as matched to
    grade level outcomes. A variety of leveled assessment tools will give the best overall picture of a student’s individual progress.
    Examples of progress monitoring tools that are available include FastBridge progress monitoring, and PRESS Skill Outcome progress
    monitoring.

    Parent Notification and Involvement
    Sartell-St. Stephen school staff will notify and involve parents in their child’s literacy development in the following ways:

    ● Email, phone calls, Skylert messages and newsletters
    ● School website, Seesaw and Schoology LMS communications
    ● Parent/Guardian – Teacher Conferences

    Getting Ready for Kindergarten
    Parents/guardians of kindergarten-eligible students are invited to attend an informational session to learn about kindergarten
    registration and the district services provided to kindergarteners such as district transportation, food services, and health services. An
    outline describing the kindergarten program is also shared with families which includes information about how they can help prepare
    their child for kindergarten. This information was developed through a partnership with the United Way and neighboring school
    districts. The brochure "Kindergarten Readiness Expectations" lists language and literacy skills along with other developmentally
    appropriate areas that an incoming kindergarten child would benefit from having some experience. Students are invited in the spring
    before kindergarten entrance to be assessed by kindergarten teachers to gauge their literacy and math skills.

    During the first week of the school year, students and their caregivers will be welcomed into the child’s classroom for a personal,
    40-minute session with the teacher to begin building a home-school partnership and gauge the student’s current skill development.
    The information gathered during this meeting will assist teachers in planning for the initial instruction of all students’ in their classes
    during the first few weeks of school. Progress monitoring data will be frequently collected in the classroom as students begin
    instruction and expand their skill sets and knowledge so that teachers can adjust their instruction to meet their students’ needs.

    Parent/Guardian Conferences
    Teachers and caregivers will formally meet two times during the school year to discuss student progress at Parent/Guardian – Teacher
    Conferences. In addition to conferences, teachers will communicate with students’ caregivers if concerns arise or assessment results
    indicate a need for instructional interventions, remediation or advanced differentiation . Student data collected from FastBridge
    testing 3 times per year will be shared with caregivers at conferences and when the results support a need for an intervention. These
    assessments will facilitate matching student needs to instruction. Benchmarks will be shared and explained. Interventions may
    include, but will not be limited to, the following:

    7

    ● Specific teacher interventions within the classroom
    ● Title I support for identified schools
    ● MN Reading Corps instruction
    ● Success Centers
    ● Summer School
    ● Special Education Programming
    ● Academic Enrichment

    Title I Family Nights (2 per year for federally identified schools)
    Two Family Night events are scheduled each year for schools who have been federally identified as receiving Title I services. Students
    who qualify for Title I services and their families will be invited to these events. Resources will be provided by the Title I teacher to
    parents and caregivers to help support the interventions in place for their child/children and further promote the importance of
    literacy support at home.

    Intervention and Instructional Supports
    Intervention programs assist students who have skill deficits in one or more of the five components of reading: phonemic awareness,
    phonics, fluency, comprehension and/or vocabulary. Based on assessments results and teacher recommendation, students receive a
    multi-tiered level of support that includes research-based interventions in the specific areas of need.

    Tiers of Support include:

    ● Tier I: Core Instruction
    o All students at the elementary level will receive core literacy instruction.
    o Students who are at or above district targets on screening assessments and are making sufficient academic growth will

    have their needs met through instruction in the core curriculum. Students performing below or significantly above grade
    will receive additional support in Tier II and/or Tier III.

    ● Tier II: Extra Support
    o Additional learning opportunities will be given individually or in small groups to all students in grades K-8 for an

    identified area of need (i.e., remediation, extension, or advanced differentiation) for which Tier 1 instruction has been
    shown to not fully address their needs. This additional instruction will be provided in the general education classroom.

    o All students in grades K-8 will receive 30 minutes of explicit and focused instruction, in addition to core instructional
    time, three-five times per week to address skills they require to reach their goal of a full year of academic growth
    during a school year. The Sartell-St. Stephen School District refers to this as WIN (What I Need) time. This additional
    instruction may be provided in the general education classroom or an alternate setting within the school.

    ● Tier III: Intensive Support

    8

    o Students who are significantly below grade level are supported by interventions and specific programs which often
    occur outside the classroom. Instructional and/or evidence-based interventions are administered. A multi-sensory
    approach to reading that includes explicit instruction in phonemic awareness and phonics will be provided. Time,
    group size and intervention are determined based on individual needs and progress in previous tiers.

    o Students who are significantly above grade level (as identified in Sartell-St. Stephen’s MTSS guide) are supported by
    teachers who will academically extend students’ learning beyond the standard benchmark requirement. Time, group
    size and instruction are determined based on individual needs and progress in previous tiers.

    Professional Development on Scientifically-Based Reading Instruction (SBRI)
    Professional development is data-driven, ongoing, and inclusive of all teachers. It is delivered in a variety of formats and aligned with
    state standards and local literacy goals. These opportunities include:
    ● Designated professional development days for teachers. Professional development focuses on district-wide initiatives and building

    needs.
    ● Weekly teacher grade level meetings to reflect on student progress, review student work, review data, and align instruction to

    academic standards and learner outcomes.
    ● Instructional Coaches providing job-embedded professional development supporting best practices in literacy.
    ● District 748 offering a strong mentorship program that supports new teachers in best practices for the first three years of teaching.
    ● Assessment Planning Meetings (data review meetings) convening three times a year to review school-wide and grade-level

    screening data using FastBridge assessments to determine student achievement and growth.
    ● Site and District Level Multi-Tiered System of Support (MTSS) teams reviewing progress monitoring, curriculum-based, attendance

    behavior and other data on a monthly basis.
    ● Content curriculum committees led by content specialists include math, literacy, social studies, science, music, visual art and

    physical education meeting to ensure alignment of curriculum and instruction to MN and National Academic Standards.

    Curriculum and Instruction System
    Adopted reading curriculum for students in grades K-5 includes McGraw-Hill’s Reading Wonders/WonderWorks and Open Court
    Foundational Skills (Phonics) in K-2. These programs align to MN Common Core English Language Arts standards. Reading Wonders is
    taught using a balanced literacy framework. A core literacy instructional block is required for all grades K-8 with an additional 30
    minutes available for intervention support. Open Court Phonics uses a structured literacy model by providing a direct, explicit,
    multi-sensory approach to teach print concepts, phonemic awareness, phonological awareness, and phonics.

    Balanced Literacy is a framework for instructional planning and implementation, not a program for teaching reading. It involves the
    use of observation and assessment to make instructional decisions; the structure of classroom delivery that moves through whole
    group, small group, and independent learning to build student competence and independence; and incorporates a balance of quality
    fiction and nonfiction materials to support instruction and Learning.

    9

    Structured Literacy is an instructional model that prepares students to decode words in an explicit and systematic manner. This approach
    is made up of these instructional elements: phonology, sound-symbol association, syllable instruction, morphology, syntax, and semantics.
    The structured literacy approach has substantial evidence that it is effective for all readers, not just those with reading difficulties.
    Additionally, Zaner-Bloser and Step up to Writing strategies are used as key components of the District’s writing program.

    Student Support System for English Learners
    English as a Second Language (ESL) licensed educators provide services for students who are identified to receive English Language
    instruction. English Language curriculum and programming is aligned to the MN State adopted WIDA English Language Development
    Standards in conjunction with Sartell-St. Stephen curriculum. The goal of the English Learners program is to provide differentiated
    content-based instruction so that students can become proficient in the English language and gain background knowledge necessary
    to meet the Minnesota Academic Standards. ESL teachers work alongside classroom teachers to strengthen core instruction and
    provide interventions in oral language and literacy skills. In addition, English Learners who are reading below grade level may also
    receive reading interventions. Because our current data indicates a need in vocabulary for English Learners, on-going professional
    development will be provided during the school year to address the unique vocabulary needs of the English Learner population.

    Communication System for Annual Reporting
    The Sartell-St. Stephen Public Schools Local Literacy plan will be posted on the Sartell-St. Stephen District website. This plan will be
    reviewed and updated by the Elementary Literacy Instructional Coaches and the K-5 Language Arts content team, in conjunction with the
    Director of Learning and Teaching regarding the information and the usefulness of the documents. Our goal is to continue to improve the
    academic achievement of our students, make necessary adjustments to address all students’ needs, analyze data to make strategic
    programming decisions, and to determine needed training for our educators.

    References and Resources
    Local Literacy Plan Development. Districts are required to develop a local literacy plan to ensure that all students are reading well by no
    later than the end of third grade. The Department of Education provides guidance and resources to assist efforts to understand and meet
    the demands of early reading intervention and the requirements of Reading Well by Third Grade law (Minn. Stat. § 120B.12).

    1. Minnesota Statute 120B.11 School District Process for Reviewing Curriculum, Instruction and Student Achievement: Striving for the
    World’s Best Workforce

    2. MN Statute 120B.12 Reading Proficiently No Later Than the End of Grade 3
    3. A resource for “Navigating the School System When a Child is Struggling with Reading or Dyslexia” can be found here on the MN

    Department of Education website.

    10

    [https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=120B.12](https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=120B.12)

    [https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/2018/cite/120B.11?keyword_type=all&keyword=Worlds+best+workforce](https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/2018/cite/120B.11?keyword_type=all&keyword=Worlds+best+workforce)

    [https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/2018/cite/120B.11?keyword_type=all&keyword=Worlds+best+workforce](https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/2018/cite/120B.11?keyword_type=all&keyword=Worlds+best+workforce)

    [https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/2018/cite/120B.12?keyword_type=all&keyword=reading](https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/2018/cite/120B.12?keyword_type=all&keyword=reading)

    [https://education.mn.gov/MDE/dse/prof/](https://education.mn.gov/MDE/dse/prof/)

    **ComprehensiveLiteracyPlan-ReadingRecoveryCouncilofNorthAmerica.htm**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/comprehensiveliteracyplan-readingrecoverycouncilofnorthamerica-htm-10413771)

    **## Thomasassignment11.docx**

    2

    **Literacy is critical to economic development, individual success, and community well-being. To improve literacy achievement, school districts are responsible for creating a comprehensive plan for implementing evidence-based programs and practices.**

    In this assignment, you will create a working draft of a comprehensive plan to ensure all literacy components are included in the school and district-level approaches.

    **Step 1. Review**
    Review the resources linked on the Learning Objects page supporting the creation of a district-level plan for literacy.

    **Step 2. Determine**
    Determine evidence-based practices for literacy instruction in Grades K-12.

    **Step 3. Establish**
    Establish how each component of your plan will be evaluated to determine its effectiveness.

    **Step 4. Create**
    Create a 3-5-page comprehensive plan. Your draft plan will be peer-reviewed in the Module 2 discussion.

    **Step 5. Conclude**
    Conclude with a two-page reflection about this process and anticipate what barriers might prevent the plan’s implementation.

    **Step 6. Submit**
    For this assignment, you will submit two documents:

    · Proposed literacy plan and

    · APA-formatted reflection paper with an introduction and conclusion. Be sure to include a title page, in-text citations, and a references page.

    **## District748LiteracyPlan2022-23.pdf**

    1

    Summary and Purpose
    This literacy plan provides an overview of how the Sartell-St. Stephen School District will meet the needs of all students in the area of
    literacy as required by MN State Statute 120B.12. The statute requires every school district to adopt a local literacy plan designed to have
    every child reading at or above grade level no later than the end of grade 3. In addition, students in grade 3 or higher who demonstrate a
    reading difficulty to a classroom teacher must be screened for characteristics of dyslexia, unless a different reason for the reading difficulty
    has been identified. If a student does not read at or above grade level by the end of grade 3, the district must continue to provide reading
    intervention until the student reads at grade level. A personal learning plan for a student who is unable to demonstrate grade-level
    proficiency, as measured by the statewide reading assessment in grade 3, will be monitored for growth towards proficiency.

    A local literacy plan must include a process to assess students’ level of reading proficiency, notify and involve parents, intervene with
    students who are not reading at or above grade level, and identify and meet staff development needs.

    Statement of Goals and Objectives
    The Minnesota Department of Education believes, “Reading well by third grade is one of the many developmental milestones in a
    child’s education. Reading well by grade three ensures that a student has a solid foundation of literacy skills to continue to expand
    their understanding of what they read, make meaning, and transfer that learning across all subject areas. Instruction that provides the
    basis for all students to read well by third grade and beyond will help close the achievement gap and ensure that all students are ready
    for the demands of college and the workplace. From cradle to career, a sustained effort to create quality literacy environments in all
    schools and programs from birth through grade 12 promotes academic success.” In Sartell- St. Stephen, we believe that all district
    stakeholders should be informed of the instructional efforts needed to ensure all students are reading well by third grade as measured
    by the Minnesota Comprehensive Assessments (MCA) system. This will be accomplished by assessing students' reading proficiency
    levels, involving parents, providing support to students who are not at grade level proficiency, and providing appropriate staff
    development to all teachers of reading.

    Statement of Process to Assess Students
    The Sartell-St. Stephen assessment plan represents a comprehensive approach to evaluating student achievement. A variety of
    methods to determine student abilities and performance including screening assessments, diagnostic assessments, progress
    monitoring assessments as well as classroom and curriculum assessments are utilized. Assessment information is necessary to
    support decisions regarding individual students, groups of students and educational programs.

    Screening Assessments: Screening of all students in grades PreK-5 at regular intervals (fall, winter, spring) helps to establish
    expected proficiency outcomes and informs program effectiveness. By establishing an initial baseline for all students, these
    assessments identify individual students who do not meet grade-level expectations. There are a variety of terms that can be used to
    describe a student who is struggling to read: struggling reader, student who is reading below grade level, specific learning disability,
    reading disorder, or dyslexia. Results are used as a starting point for instruction or to indicate a need for further evaluation.

    FastBridge Early Reading Composite: (K-1) This screening tool is given to individual students by trained teachers to determine
    early literacy skills crucial to the success of beginning readers. Each subtest is weighted based on the importance of the skill at

    2

    the determined time.

    Weighting Scheme for earlyReading Composite Scores
    The composite subtest scores are weighted in order to account for the proportional contribution of
    each subject to the student’s overall emerging reading skills. This table displays the relative weights
    for each composite subtest.

    Each weight is coded as low (L), medium (M), or high (H) in the table and the actual weights are
    unique to each subtest.

    Kindergarten FastBridge Early Reading Composite

    Fall
    Target Score

    Winter
    Target Score

    Spring
    Target Score

    Kindergarten 36 55 70

    First Grade FastBridge Early Reading (2 subtests)

    Grade Fall
    Target Score

    Winter
    Target Score

    Spring
    Target Score

    1st grade Nonsense Words – 15
    Sight Words – 41

    NA NA

    3

    FastBridge Oral Reading Fluency: (1-8) This screening tool is given to individual students by trained teachers. Oral Reading Fluency is a strong
    predictor of reading achievement.

    FastBridge Oral Reading Fluency

    Grade Fall
    Target Score

    Winter
    Target Score

    Spring
    Target Score

    1st grade N/A 68 91

    2nd grade 82 108 126

    3rd grade 112 133 147

    4th grade 139 156 170

    5th grade 157 172 187

    6th grade 168 183 195

    7th grade 189 202 213

    8th grade 179 186 201

    4

    FastBridge aReading: (1-8) This screening tool is given to students in a classroom setting using technology and facilitated by the classroom
    teacher. This assessment tests a breadth of reading skills appropriate to each grade level mainly in the areas of comprehension and
    vocabulary.

    FastBridge aReading

    Grade Fall
    Target Score

    Winter
    Target Score

    Spring
    Target Score

    Kindergarten NA NA NA

    1st grade 453 472 481

    2nd grade 485 496 503

    3rd grade 503 510 515

    4rd grade 515 520 524

    5th grade 525 529 534

    6th grade 532 535 538

    7th grade 541 546 546

    8th grade 548 551 552

    Diagnostic Assessments: The purpose of diagnostic assessments is to provide information for planning more effective instruction
    and intervention. Diagnostic assessments provide additional data beyond screening and should be given when there is a clear
    expectation that diagnostic information will offer new or more reliable data about a student’s academic needs. This diagnostic
    assessment information should be used to strategically plan explicit targeted and intensive instruction that will accelerate reading
    proficiency toward grade level expectations. Using diagnostic assessments, standardized screening information, and informal
    classroom assessments will provide a broader understanding into the needs of learners individually and as a group, and guide
    instruction.

    Fountas and Pinnell (K-8): This assessment is strategically used to assist teachers in determining the following information:
    ● Three reading levels for each students: instructional, independent and frustration
    ● Select appropriate texts to use for instruction as well as for independent reading
    ● Identify skill deficit areas to help determine appropriate interventions

    5

    Spelling Inventory (K-8): This assessment is used strategically to assist teachers in determining specific needs in the area of
    phonics.

    Teaching Strategies Gold Pre-K: This assessment is utilized in our Early Childhood and Preschool program. It is an online tool
    that gathers and organizes meaningful data quickly, including online portfolios where children’s work can be stored to create a
    developmental profile of each child that answers the questions, “What does this child know? What is he or she able to do?” TS
    Gold helps teachers understand how instructional observations relate to important objectives for development and learning
    and they use that understanding to scaffold each child’s learning. A teacher uses the data to determine if a child is making
    progress and compares the child’s knowledge, skills, and behaviors to those of most children of his or her age or class/group.
    It assists teachers in recognizing children who might benefit from special help, screening, or further evaluation. Teachers
    generate comprehensive reports that are shared with family members and other stakeholders.

    District Procedures to Screen and Identify Students with Potential Dyslexia and Convergence Insufficiency Disorder: Students
    who are at risk of or experiencing reading difficulties are provided additional screening and support based on needs identified
    in screening.

    ● Path to Reading Excellence in School Sites (PRESS) Screener: The PRESS framework closely aligns with research-based
    practices for both identification and instruction. PRESS outlines processes for data-driven decision making, including
    the use of screening data to identify and serve students who need additional support. It delineates both the
    components of quality core instruction at each grade level and specific interventions that are matched to individual
    student needs. Additionally, PRESS offers classwide interventions that provide quality, skill-based instruction for all
    and can, therefore, help identify those who are not responding to instruction. PRESS provides a systematic process to
    analyze progress monitoring data and make ongoing instructional decisions for individual students. PRESS protocols
    and processes assist educators in documenting students’ response to intervention through ongoing data collection and
    analysis.

    ● Barton Reading and Spelling System Student Screener: The Barton Reading & Spelling System is an intervention system
    for students who struggle to easily and accurately decode words when reading. It provides additional support for
    students, who by second grade are missing the oral reading fluency benchmarks, and who have difficulty with spelling
    – especially when writing sentences, stories, and compositions.

    Based on screening data, the teacher and/or team use the Multi-tiered System of Support Framework to align the student
    needs with an appropriate intervention. The District has included a question on its student registration form and Early
    Intervention form that asks families to identify if there has been a family history of struggles or difficulties with reading or
    Convergence Insufficiency. This information may be used as an additional piece of data when determining next steps to
    support students. Strategic and intensive support (Tier II and III) may include working with a Title or MTSS Interventionist
    using Leveled Literacy Interventions (LLI), Path to Reading Excellence in School Sites (PRESS), and individual and/or classwide
    interventions. When needed, explicit instruction in phonemic awareness and phonics are used to support students who may
    be struggling. If a student states that he or she gets headaches, blurred or double vision, or has eye strain while reading for

    6

    extended periods of time, the information will be shared with parent(s)/guardians for possible further screening by an eye
    care professional.

    Progress Monitoring: Progress monitoring assessments are brief and administered with more regularity than screening and
    diagnostic tools. Progress monitoring assessment data is collected, evaluated, and used on an ongoing basis to determine the rate of a
    student’s progress toward grade level outcomes, to provide information on the effectiveness of intervention and to modify the
    intervention tools if necessary. Progress monitoring tools are matched to the intervention a student is receiving, as well as matched to
    grade level outcomes. A variety of leveled assessment tools will give the best overall picture of a student’s individual progress.
    Examples of progress monitoring tools that are available include FastBridge progress monitoring, and PRESS Skill Outcome progress
    monitoring.

    Parent Notification and Involvement
    Sartell-St. Stephen school staff will notify and involve parents in their child’s literacy development in the following ways:

    ● Email, phone calls, Skylert messages and newsletters
    ● School website, Seesaw and Schoology LMS communications
    ● Parent/Guardian – Teacher Conferences

    Getting Ready for Kindergarten
    Parents/guardians of kindergarten-eligible students are invited to attend an informational session to learn about kindergarten
    registration and the district services provided to kindergarteners such as district transportation, food services, and health services. An
    outline describing the kindergarten program is also shared with families which includes information about how they can help prepare
    their child for kindergarten. This information was developed through a partnership with the United Way and neighboring school
    districts. The brochure "Kindergarten Readiness Expectations" lists language and literacy skills along with other developmentally
    appropriate areas that an incoming kindergarten child would benefit from having some experience. Students are invited in the spring
    before kindergarten entrance to be assessed by kindergarten teachers to gauge their literacy and math skills.

    During the first week of the school year, students and their caregivers will be welcomed into the child’s classroom for a personal,
    40-minute session with the teacher to begin building a home-school partnership and gauge the student’s current skill development.
    The information gathered during this meeting will assist teachers in planning for the initial instruction of all students’ in their classes
    during the first few weeks of school. Progress monitoring data will be frequently collected in the classroom as students begin
    instruction and expand their skill sets and knowledge so that teachers can adjust their instruction to meet their students’ needs.

    Parent/Guardian Conferences
    Teachers and caregivers will formally meet two times during the school year to discuss student progress at Parent/Guardian – Teacher
    Conferences. In addition to conferences, teachers will communicate with students’ caregivers if concerns arise or assessment results
    indicate a need for instructional interventions, remediation or advanced differentiation . Student data collected from FastBridge
    testing 3 times per year will be shared with caregivers at conferences and when the results support a need for an intervention. These
    assessments will facilitate matching student needs to instruction. Benchmarks will be shared and explained. Interventions may
    include, but will not be limited to, the following:

    7

    ● Specific teacher interventions within the classroom
    ● Title I support for identified schools
    ● MN Reading Corps instruction
    ● Success Centers
    ● Summer School
    ● Special Education Programming
    ● Academic Enrichment

    Title I Family Nights (2 per year for federally identified schools)
    Two Family Night events are scheduled each year for schools who have been federally identified as receiving Title I services. Students
    who qualify for Title I services and their families will be invited to these events. Resources will be provided by the Title I teacher to
    parents and caregivers to help support the interventions in place for their child/children and further promote the importance of
    literacy support at home.

    Intervention and Instructional Supports
    Intervention programs assist students who have skill deficits in one or more of the five components of reading: phonemic awareness,
    phonics, fluency, comprehension and/or vocabulary. Based on assessments results and teacher recommendation, students receive a
    multi-tiered level of support that includes research-based interventions in the specific areas of need.

    Tiers of Support include:

    ● Tier I: Core Instruction
    o All students at the elementary level will receive core literacy instruction.
    o Students who are at or above district targets on screening assessments and are making sufficient academic growth will

    have their needs met through instruction in the core curriculum. Students performing below or significantly above grade
    will receive additional support in Tier II and/or Tier III.

    ● Tier II: Extra Support
    o Additional learning opportunities will be given individually or in small groups to all students in grades K-8 for an

    identified area of need (i.e., remediation, extension, or advanced differentiation) for which Tier 1 instruction has been
    shown to not fully address their needs. This additional instruction will be provided in the general education classroom.

    o All students in grades K-8 will receive 30 minutes of explicit and focused instruction, in addition to core instructional
    time, three-five times per week to address skills they require to reach their goal of a full year of academic growth
    during a school year. The Sartell-St. Stephen School District refers to this as WIN (What I Need) time. This additional
    instruction may be provided in the general education classroom or an alternate setting within the school.

    ● Tier III: Intensive Support

    8

    o Students who are significantly below grade level are supported by interventions and specific programs which often
    occur outside the classroom. Instructional and/or evidence-based interventions are administered. A multi-sensory
    approach to reading that includes explicit instruction in phonemic awareness and phonics will be provided. Time,
    group size and intervention are determined based on individual needs and progress in previous tiers.

    o Students who are significantly above grade level (as identified in Sartell-St. Stephen’s MTSS guide) are supported by
    teachers who will academically extend students’ learning beyond the standard benchmark requirement. Time, group
    size and instruction are determined based on individual needs and progress in previous tiers.

    Professional Development on Scientifically-Based Reading Instruction (SBRI)
    Professional development is data-driven, ongoing, and inclusive of all teachers. It is delivered in a variety of formats and aligned with
    state standards and local literacy goals. These opportunities include:
    ● Designated professional development days for teachers. Professional development focuses on district-wide initiatives and building

    needs.
    ● Weekly teacher grade level meetings to reflect on student progress, review student work, review data, and align instruction to

    academic standards and learner outcomes.
    ● Instructional Coaches providing job-embedded professional development supporting best practices in literacy.
    ● District 748 offering a strong mentorship program that supports new teachers in best practices for the first three years of teaching.
    ● Assessment Planning Meetings (data review meetings) convening three times a year to review school-wide and grade-level

    screening data using FastBridge assessments to determine student achievement and growth.
    ● Site and District Level Multi-Tiered System of Support (MTSS) teams reviewing progress monitoring, curriculum-based, attendance

    behavior and other data on a monthly basis.
    ● Content curriculum committees led by content specialists include math, literacy, social studies, science, music, visual art and

    physical education meeting to ensure alignment of curriculum and instruction to MN and National Academic Standards.

    Curriculum and Instruction System
    Adopted reading curriculum for students in grades K-5 includes McGraw-Hill’s Reading Wonders/WonderWorks and Open Court
    Foundational Skills (Phonics) in K-2. These programs align to MN Common Core English Language Arts standards. Reading Wonders is
    taught using a balanced literacy framework. A core literacy instructional block is required for all grades K-8 with an additional 30
    minutes available for intervention support. Open Court Phonics uses a structured literacy model by providing a direct, explicit,
    multi-sensory approach to teach print concepts, phonemic awareness, phonological awareness, and phonics.

    Balanced Literacy is a framework for instructional planning and implementation, not a program for teaching reading. It involves the
    use of observation and assessment to make instructional decisions; the structure of classroom delivery that moves through whole
    group, small group, and independent learning to build student competence and independence; and incorporates a balance of quality
    fiction and nonfiction materials to support instruction and Learning.

    9

    Structured Literacy is an instructional model that prepares students to decode words in an explicit and systematic manner. This approach
    is made up of these instructional elements: phonology, sound-symbol association, syllable instruction, morphology, syntax, and semantics.
    The structured literacy approach has substantial evidence that it is effective for all readers, not just those with reading difficulties.
    Additionally, Zaner-Bloser and Step up to Writing strategies are used as key components of the District’s writing program.

    Student Support System for English Learners
    English as a Second Language (ESL) licensed educators provide services for students who are identified to receive English Language
    instruction. English Language curriculum and programming is aligned to the MN State adopted WIDA English Language Development
    Standards in conjunction with Sartell-St. Stephen curriculum. The goal of the English Learners program is to provide differentiated
    content-based instruction so that students can become proficient in the English language and gain background knowledge necessary
    to meet the Minnesota Academic Standards. ESL teachers work alongside classroom teachers to strengthen core instruction and
    provide interventions in oral language and literacy skills. In addition, English Learners who are reading below grade level may also
    receive reading interventions. Because our current data indicates a need in vocabulary for English Learners, on-going professional
    development will be provided during the school year to address the unique vocabulary needs of the English Learner population.

    Communication System for Annual Reporting
    The Sartell-St. Stephen Public Schools Local Literacy plan will be posted on the Sartell-St. Stephen District website. This plan will be
    reviewed and updated by the Elementary Literacy Instructional Coaches and the K-5 Language Arts content team, in conjunction with the
    Director of Learning and Teaching regarding the information and the usefulness of the documents. Our goal is to continue to improve the
    academic achievement of our students, make necessary adjustments to address all students’ needs, analyze data to make strategic
    programming decisions, and to determine needed training for our educators.

    References and Resources
    Local Literacy Plan Development. Districts are required to develop a local literacy plan to ensure that all students are reading well by no
    later than the end of third grade. The Department of Education provides guidance and resources to assist efforts to understand and meet
    the demands of early reading intervention and the requirements of Reading Well by Third Grade law (Minn. Stat. § 120B.12).

    1. Minnesota Statute 120B.11 School District Process for Reviewing Curriculum, Instruction and Student Achievement: Striving for the
    World’s Best Workforce

    2. MN Statute 120B.12 Reading Proficiently No Later Than the End of Grade 3
    3. A resource for “Navigating the School System When a Child is Struggling with Reading or Dyslexia” can be found here on the MN

    Department of Education website.

    10

    [https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=120B.12](https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=120B.12)

    [https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/2018/cite/120B.11?keyword_type=all&keyword=Worlds+best+workforce](https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/2018/cite/120B.11?keyword_type=all&keyword=Worlds+best+workforce)

    [https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/2018/cite/120B.11?keyword_type=all&keyword=Worlds+best+workforce](https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/2018/cite/120B.11?keyword_type=all&keyword=Worlds+best+workforce)

    [https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/2018/cite/120B.12?keyword_type=all&keyword=reading](https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/2018/cite/120B.12?keyword_type=all&keyword=reading)

    [https://education.mn.gov/MDE/dse/prof/](https://education.mn.gov/MDE/dse/prof/)

    **ComprehensiveLiteracyPlan-ReadingRecoveryCouncilofNorthAmerica.htm**

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    – ## BiologyCellMembraneandTransport1.pptx – IMG_4311.png – IMG_4315.jpeg – IMG_4314.jpeg – IntrotoCellBiology1.pptx **## BiologyCellMembraneandTransport1.pptx** Biology Cell Membrane and Transport https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AMFhez1IoKU&t=25s NOT drawn to scale!! Explain how eukaryotic cells…

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    – IMG_4311.png
    – IMG_4315.jpeg
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    – IntrotoCellBiology1.pptx

    **## BiologyCellMembraneandTransport1.pptx**

    Biology

    Cell Membrane and Transport

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AMFhez1IoKU&t=25s

    NOT drawn to scale!!

    Explain how eukaryotic cells are similar to and different from prokaryotic cells. (ON YOUR OWN)

    Explain how each eukaryotic organelle/structure (cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum and plant cell walls, and vacuoles) contribute to the overall function of the cell.

    (ON YOUR OWN)

    Review all of the cell parts

    Cell Membrane and Cell Transport

    Learning Outcomes

    Understand the fluid mosaic model of membranes

    Describe the functions of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates in membranes

    Explain what substances are permeable to the cell membrane and how they are transported

    describes membranes as a fluid lipid bilayer with floating proteins and carbohydrates.

    Fluid – the phospholipid bilayer is viscous and individual phospholipids can move position

    Mosaic – the phospholipid bilayer is embedded with proteins, resulting in a mosaic of components

    The fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane structure describes the plasma membrane as a fluid combination of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates

    7

    All membranes in and around a cell are made of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins

    Membranes are assemblies of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids held together by non-covalent forces. They regulate the transport of molecules, control information flow between cells, generate signals to alter cell behavior, contain molecules responsible for cell adhesion in the
    formation of tissues, and can separate charged molecules for cell signaling and energy generation.

    8

    Phospholipid Bilayer

    The plasma membrane is composed mainly of
    [phospholipids](https://www.ck12.org/c/chemistry/phospholipids), which consist of fatty acids and alcohol. The phospholipids in the plasma membrane are arranged in two layers, called a phospholipid bilayer. As shown in the Figure, each phospholipid molecule has a head and two tails. The head “loves”
    [water](https://www.ck12.org/c/biology/water) (hydrophilic) and the tails “hate”
    [water](https://www.ck12.org/c/biology/water) (hydrophobic). The
    [water](https://www.ck12.org/c/biology/water)-hating tails are on the interior of the membrane, whereas the water-loving heads point outwards, toward either the cytoplasm or the fluid that surrounds the cell.

    9

    This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.

    The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. There are other components, such as cholesterol and carbohydrates, which can be found in the membrane in addition to phospholipids and protein.

    Figure 3.8

    Membrane proteins determine functions of cell membranes, including serving as pumps, gates, receptors, cell adhesion molecules, energy transducers, and enzymes.

    Carbohydrates covalently linked to proteins (glycoproteins) or lipids (glycolipids) are also a part of cell membranes, and function as adhesion and address loci for cells.

    10

    This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.

    HIV docks at and binds to the CD4 receptor, a glycoprotein on the surface of T cells, before entering, or infecting, the cell.

    Figure 3.19

    An example of a glycoprotein that is embedded in the cell membrane of immune cells such as helper T cells.

    Found primarily on the surface of CD4 T lymphocytes (CD4 cells). To enter a host cell, HIV binds to a CD4 receptor and a coreceptor (either CCR5 or CXCR4) on the host cell.

    11

    There are many metabolic diseases caused by a recessive allele (version of a gene) that makes a defective protein.

    Cystic fibrosis requires constant treatments, and the life expectancy is about 35. It is caused by a defective gene for a chloride channel (a protein).

    [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itQns51NKOo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itQns51NKOo) (first 3 minutes)

    Transport mechanisms

    | | |
    | — | — |
    | Mechanism | Good for… |
    | Diffusion across bilayer | Small, nonpolar molecules |
    | Facilitated diffusion by membrane proteins | Medium size polar molecules or ions |
    | Endocytosis or exocytosis | Large molecules |
    | Active transport by proteins | Going against concentration gradient |

    This table will be given to you on the exam

    Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and water are some molecules that enter and exit the cells.

    15

    16

    Figure 3.10 Passive transport.

    (a) Diffusion of molecules across the plasma membrane occurs with the concentration gradient and does not require energy. Small hydrophobic molecules, carbon dioxide, and oxygen can diffuse across the membrane.

    Transport of medium-sized molecules

    Water always moves to “even” out the concentration of solutes on both sides of a membrane.

    17

    Figure 3.10 Passive transport.

    (b) Facilitated diffusion is the diffusion of molecules through proteins. Molecules move with their concentration gradient, which does not require energy.

    18

    Figure 3.11 Active transport.

    Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient and requires energy (ATP) to do so.

    Transport of LARGE molecules

    19

    Figure 3.12 Movement of large substances.

    (a) Exocytosis is the movement of substances out of the cell. (b) Endocytosis is the movement of substances into the cell.

    Transport mechanisms

    | | |
    | — | — |
    | Mechanism | Good for… |
    | Diffusion across bilayer | Small, nonpolar molecules |
    | Facilitated diffusion by membrane proteins | Medium size polar molecules or ions |
    | Endocytosis or exocytosis | Large molecules |
    | Active transport by proteins | Going against concentration gradient |

    This table will be given to you on the exam

    Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and water are some molecules that enter and exit the cells.

    20

    This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.

    In osmosis, water always moves from an area of higher concentration (of water) to one of lower concentration (of water). In this system, the solute cannot pass through the selectively permeable membrane.

    Figure 3.21

    This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.

    Osmotic pressure changes the shape of red blood cells in hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions. (credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villarreal)

    Figure 3.22

    1. throughout the cytoplasm
    2. from an area with a high concentration of other solutes to a lower one
    3. from an area with a low concentration of solutes to an area with a higher one
    4. from an area with a low concentration of water to one of higher concentration

    Water moves via osmosis ________.

    Case study – 2 types of cells
    Bioluminescent algae and sperm cells

    egg cell many sperm cells

    Some living organisms require unique abiotic conditions! Laguna Grande in Fajardo, Puerto Rico

    You can see them if you paddle a kayak to certain locations in the Caribbean

    [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VwfG9s1A8pI](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VwfG9s1A8pI)

    3 min.

    These are two different representations of the reaction that produces bioluminescence in dinoflagellates.
    What are the reactants? What are the products?
    What is the role of luciferase?

    light

    Sperm cell case study

    Tom and Tami have been married for three years and are ready to start a family, but after a year of trying, Tami was still not pregnant. Their doctor told them that when a couple has trouble conceiving a child, the easiest thing to check first is to determine if the husband is producing semen with a normal number of healthy sperm cells per milliliter (approximately 20-60 million/ml). Semen consists of living sperm cells in a solution of sugars, buffer molecules to regulate the pH, and hormones.

    [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rauO_M9tb4](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rauO_M9tb4)

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    **IMG_4311.png**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/img-4311-png-10413819)

    **IMG_4315.jpeg**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/img-4315-jpeg-10413835)

    **IMG_4314.jpeg**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/img-4314-jpeg-10413837)

    **IntrotoCellBiology1.pptx**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/introtocellbiology1-pptx-10413823)

    **IntrotoCellBiology1.pptx**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/introtocellbiology1-pptx-10413823)

    **## BiologyCellMembraneandTransport1.pptx**

    Biology

    Cell Membrane and Transport

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AMFhez1IoKU&t=25s

    NOT drawn to scale!!

    Explain how eukaryotic cells are similar to and different from prokaryotic cells. (ON YOUR OWN)

    Explain how each eukaryotic organelle/structure (cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum and plant cell walls, and vacuoles) contribute to the overall function of the cell.

    (ON YOUR OWN)

    Review all of the cell parts

    Cell Membrane and Cell Transport

    Learning Outcomes

    Understand the fluid mosaic model of membranes

    Describe the functions of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates in membranes

    Explain what substances are permeable to the cell membrane and how they are transported

    describes membranes as a fluid lipid bilayer with floating proteins and carbohydrates.

    Fluid – the phospholipid bilayer is viscous and individual phospholipids can move position

    Mosaic – the phospholipid bilayer is embedded with proteins, resulting in a mosaic of components

    The fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane structure describes the plasma membrane as a fluid combination of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates

    7

    All membranes in and around a cell are made of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins

    Membranes are assemblies of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids held together by non-covalent forces. They regulate the transport of molecules, control information flow between cells, generate signals to alter cell behavior, contain molecules responsible for cell adhesion in the
    formation of tissues, and can separate charged molecules for cell signaling and energy generation.

    8

    Phospholipid Bilayer

    The plasma membrane is composed mainly of
    [phospholipids](https://www.ck12.org/c/chemistry/phospholipids), which consist of fatty acids and alcohol. The phospholipids in the plasma membrane are arranged in two layers, called a phospholipid bilayer. As shown in the Figure, each phospholipid molecule has a head and two tails. The head “loves”
    [water](https://www.ck12.org/c/biology/water) (hydrophilic) and the tails “hate”
    [water](https://www.ck12.org/c/biology/water) (hydrophobic). The
    [water](https://www.ck12.org/c/biology/water)-hating tails are on the interior of the membrane, whereas the water-loving heads point outwards, toward either the cytoplasm or the fluid that surrounds the cell.

    9

    This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.

    The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. There are other components, such as cholesterol and carbohydrates, which can be found in the membrane in addition to phospholipids and protein.

    Figure 3.8

    Membrane proteins determine functions of cell membranes, including serving as pumps, gates, receptors, cell adhesion molecules, energy transducers, and enzymes.

    Carbohydrates covalently linked to proteins (glycoproteins) or lipids (glycolipids) are also a part of cell membranes, and function as adhesion and address loci for cells.

    10

    This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.

    HIV docks at and binds to the CD4 receptor, a glycoprotein on the surface of T cells, before entering, or infecting, the cell.

    Figure 3.19

    An example of a glycoprotein that is embedded in the cell membrane of immune cells such as helper T cells.

    Found primarily on the surface of CD4 T lymphocytes (CD4 cells). To enter a host cell, HIV binds to a CD4 receptor and a coreceptor (either CCR5 or CXCR4) on the host cell.

    11

    There are many metabolic diseases caused by a recessive allele (version of a gene) that makes a defective protein.

    Cystic fibrosis requires constant treatments, and the life expectancy is about 35. It is caused by a defective gene for a chloride channel (a protein).

    [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itQns51NKOo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itQns51NKOo) (first 3 minutes)

    Transport mechanisms

    | | |
    | — | — |
    | Mechanism | Good for… |
    | Diffusion across bilayer | Small, nonpolar molecules |
    | Facilitated diffusion by membrane proteins | Medium size polar molecules or ions |
    | Endocytosis or exocytosis | Large molecules |
    | Active transport by proteins | Going against concentration gradient |

    This table will be given to you on the exam

    Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and water are some molecules that enter and exit the cells.

    15

    16

    Figure 3.10 Passive transport.

    (a) Diffusion of molecules across the plasma membrane occurs with the concentration gradient and does not require energy. Small hydrophobic molecules, carbon dioxide, and oxygen can diffuse across the membrane.

    Transport of medium-sized molecules

    Water always moves to “even” out the concentration of solutes on both sides of a membrane.

    17

    Figure 3.10 Passive transport.

    (b) Facilitated diffusion is the diffusion of molecules through proteins. Molecules move with their concentration gradient, which does not require energy.

    18

    Figure 3.11 Active transport.

    Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient and requires energy (ATP) to do so.

    Transport of LARGE molecules

    19

    Figure 3.12 Movement of large substances.

    (a) Exocytosis is the movement of substances out of the cell. (b) Endocytosis is the movement of substances into the cell.

    Transport mechanisms

    | | |
    | — | — |
    | Mechanism | Good for… |
    | Diffusion across bilayer | Small, nonpolar molecules |
    | Facilitated diffusion by membrane proteins | Medium size polar molecules or ions |
    | Endocytosis or exocytosis | Large molecules |
    | Active transport by proteins | Going against concentration gradient |

    This table will be given to you on the exam

    Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and water are some molecules that enter and exit the cells.

    20

    This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.

    In osmosis, water always moves from an area of higher concentration (of water) to one of lower concentration (of water). In this system, the solute cannot pass through the selectively permeable membrane.

    Figure 3.21

    This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.

    Osmotic pressure changes the shape of red blood cells in hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions. (credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villarreal)

    Figure 3.22

    1. throughout the cytoplasm
    2. from an area with a high concentration of other solutes to a lower one
    3. from an area with a low concentration of solutes to an area with a higher one
    4. from an area with a low concentration of water to one of higher concentration

    Water moves via osmosis ________.

    Case study – 2 types of cells
    Bioluminescent algae and sperm cells

    egg cell many sperm cells

    Some living organisms require unique abiotic conditions! Laguna Grande in Fajardo, Puerto Rico

    You can see them if you paddle a kayak to certain locations in the Caribbean

    [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VwfG9s1A8pI](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VwfG9s1A8pI)

    3 min.

    These are two different representations of the reaction that produces bioluminescence in dinoflagellates.
    What are the reactants? What are the products?
    What is the role of luciferase?

    light

    Sperm cell case study

    Tom and Tami have been married for three years and are ready to start a family, but after a year of trying, Tami was still not pregnant. Their doctor told them that when a couple has trouble conceiving a child, the easiest thing to check first is to determine if the husband is producing semen with a normal number of healthy sperm cells per milliliter (approximately 20-60 million/ml). Semen consists of living sperm cells in a solution of sugars, buffer molecules to regulate the pH, and hormones.

    [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rauO_M9tb4](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rauO_M9tb4)

    ## image1.jpeg

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    **IMG_4311.png**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/img-4311-png-10413819)

    **IMG_4315.jpeg**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/img-4315-jpeg-10413835)

    **IMG_4314.jpeg**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/img-4314-jpeg-10413837)

    **IntrotoCellBiology1.pptx**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/introtocellbiology1-pptx-10413823)

    **## BiologyCellMembraneandTransport1.pptx**

    Biology

    Cell Membrane and Transport

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AMFhez1IoKU&t=25s

    NOT drawn to scale!!

    Explain how eukaryotic cells are similar to and different from prokaryotic cells. (ON YOUR OWN)

    Explain how each eukaryotic organelle/structure (cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum and plant cell walls, and vacuoles) contribute to the overall function of the cell.

    (ON YOUR OWN)

    Review all of the cell parts

    Cell Membrane and Cell Transport

    Learning Outcomes

    Understand the fluid mosaic model of membranes

    Describe the functions of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates in membranes

    Explain what substances are permeable to the cell membrane and how they are transported

    describes membranes as a fluid lipid bilayer with floating proteins and carbohydrates.

    Fluid – the phospholipid bilayer is viscous and individual phospholipids can move position

    Mosaic – the phospholipid bilayer is embedded with proteins, resulting in a mosaic of components

    The fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane structure describes the plasma membrane as a fluid combination of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates

    7

    All membranes in and around a cell are made of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins

    Membranes are assemblies of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids held together by non-covalent forces. They regulate the transport of molecules, control information flow between cells, generate signals to alter cell behavior, contain molecules responsible for cell adhesion in the
    formation of tissues, and can separate charged molecules for cell signaling and energy generation.

    8

    Phospholipid Bilayer

    The plasma membrane is composed mainly of
    [phospholipids](https://www.ck12.org/c/chemistry/phospholipids), which consist of fatty acids and alcohol. The phospholipids in the plasma membrane are arranged in two layers, called a phospholipid bilayer. As shown in the Figure, each phospholipid molecule has a head and two tails. The head “loves”
    [water](https://www.ck12.org/c/biology/water) (hydrophilic) and the tails “hate”
    [water](https://www.ck12.org/c/biology/water) (hydrophobic). The
    [water](https://www.ck12.org/c/biology/water)-hating tails are on the interior of the membrane, whereas the water-loving heads point outwards, toward either the cytoplasm or the fluid that surrounds the cell.

    9

    This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.

    The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. There are other components, such as cholesterol and carbohydrates, which can be found in the membrane in addition to phospholipids and protein.

    Figure 3.8

    Membrane proteins determine functions of cell membranes, including serving as pumps, gates, receptors, cell adhesion molecules, energy transducers, and enzymes.

    Carbohydrates covalently linked to proteins (glycoproteins) or lipids (glycolipids) are also a part of cell membranes, and function as adhesion and address loci for cells.

    10

    This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.

    HIV docks at and binds to the CD4 receptor, a glycoprotein on the surface of T cells, before entering, or infecting, the cell.

    Figure 3.19

    An example of a glycoprotein that is embedded in the cell membrane of immune cells such as helper T cells.

    Found primarily on the surface of CD4 T lymphocytes (CD4 cells). To enter a host cell, HIV binds to a CD4 receptor and a coreceptor (either CCR5 or CXCR4) on the host cell.

    11

    There are many metabolic diseases caused by a recessive allele (version of a gene) that makes a defective protein.

    Cystic fibrosis requires constant treatments, and the life expectancy is about 35. It is caused by a defective gene for a chloride channel (a protein).

    [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itQns51NKOo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itQns51NKOo) (first 3 minutes)

    Transport mechanisms

    | | |
    | — | — |
    | Mechanism | Good for… |
    | Diffusion across bilayer | Small, nonpolar molecules |
    | Facilitated diffusion by membrane proteins | Medium size polar molecules or ions |
    | Endocytosis or exocytosis | Large molecules |
    | Active transport by proteins | Going against concentration gradient |

    This table will be given to you on the exam

    Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and water are some molecules that enter and exit the cells.

    15

    16

    Figure 3.10 Passive transport.

    (a) Diffusion of molecules across the plasma membrane occurs with the concentration gradient and does not require energy. Small hydrophobic molecules, carbon dioxide, and oxygen can diffuse across the membrane.

    Transport of medium-sized molecules

    Water always moves to “even” out the concentration of solutes on both sides of a membrane.

    17

    Figure 3.10 Passive transport.

    (b) Facilitated diffusion is the diffusion of molecules through proteins. Molecules move with their concentration gradient, which does not require energy.

    18

    Figure 3.11 Active transport.

    Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient and requires energy (ATP) to do so.

    Transport of LARGE molecules

    19

    Figure 3.12 Movement of large substances.

    (a) Exocytosis is the movement of substances out of the cell. (b) Endocytosis is the movement of substances into the cell.

    Transport mechanisms

    | | |
    | — | — |
    | Mechanism | Good for… |
    | Diffusion across bilayer | Small, nonpolar molecules |
    | Facilitated diffusion by membrane proteins | Medium size polar molecules or ions |
    | Endocytosis or exocytosis | Large molecules |
    | Active transport by proteins | Going against concentration gradient |

    This table will be given to you on the exam

    Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and water are some molecules that enter and exit the cells.

    20

    This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.

    In osmosis, water always moves from an area of higher concentration (of water) to one of lower concentration (of water). In this system, the solute cannot pass through the selectively permeable membrane.

    Figure 3.21

    This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.

    Osmotic pressure changes the shape of red blood cells in hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions. (credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villarreal)

    Figure 3.22

    1. throughout the cytoplasm
    2. from an area with a high concentration of other solutes to a lower one
    3. from an area with a low concentration of solutes to an area with a higher one
    4. from an area with a low concentration of water to one of higher concentration

    Water moves via osmosis ________.

    Case study – 2 types of cells
    Bioluminescent algae and sperm cells

    egg cell many sperm cells

    Some living organisms require unique abiotic conditions! Laguna Grande in Fajardo, Puerto Rico

    You can see them if you paddle a kayak to certain locations in the Caribbean

    [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VwfG9s1A8pI](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VwfG9s1A8pI)

    3 min.

    These are two different representations of the reaction that produces bioluminescence in dinoflagellates.
    What are the reactants? What are the products?
    What is the role of luciferase?

    light

    Sperm cell case study

    Tom and Tami have been married for three years and are ready to start a family, but after a year of trying, Tami was still not pregnant. Their doctor told them that when a couple has trouble conceiving a child, the easiest thing to check first is to determine if the husband is producing semen with a normal number of healthy sperm cells per milliliter (approximately 20-60 million/ml). Semen consists of living sperm cells in a solution of sugars, buffer molecules to regulate the pH, and hormones.

    [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rauO_M9tb4](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rauO_M9tb4)

    ## image1.jpeg

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    **IMG_4311.png**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/img-4311-png-10413819)

    **IMG_4315.jpeg**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/img-4315-jpeg-10413835)

    **IMG_4314.jpeg**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/img-4314-jpeg-10413837)

    **IntrotoCellBiology1.pptx**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/introtocellbiology1-pptx-10413823)

    – 1
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