Assignment Prompt & Instructions
300 words
· Current APA 7 must be used to cite sources
. Three (3 to 5 years old) references
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– ## Videos.docx
– ## EssayComparingTwoIndependentGroupsAssignmentPrompts.docx
– ## EssayComparingTwoIndependentGroupsAssignmentFinal.docx
**## Videos.docx**
[https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962521/pages/watch-independent-samples-t-test?module_item_id=91232246](https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962521/pages/watch-independent-samples-t-test?module_item_id=91232246)
**## EssayComparingTwoIndependentGroupsAssignmentPrompts.docx**
EDCO 735
**Essay: Comparing Two Independent Groups Assignment Prompts**
· There are several assumptions for the use of an independent samples t test. State each of these and the implications should these assumptions be violated. Is it possible for a p value to equal 0? Why or why not?
· There are several indices on effect sizes for independent samples t tests. Describe three of these and when one might be used over the others. Next, given a situation in which a research reports a large eta squared effect size (eta squared = .64), why might their reported t value be small and not statistically significant? What may be inference from such a situation? Indicate and provide examples of three of the factors that influence the size of t.
**## EssayComparingTwoIndependentGroupsAssignmentFinal.docx**
2
**Essay:** Comparing Two Independent Groups
**Assignment**
Abraham De La Cruz
Doctorate of Education- Community Care and Counseling-
Marriage and Family, Liberty University
EDCO735: Statistics
Prof. Dr. Frederick Volk
September 21, 2025
Comparing Two Independent Groups
Independent samples t-test is a widely used statistical technique used to investigate a difference in means between two groups. Several assumptions must be met for the test to be valid. First, the observations within each group must be independent. If this assumption is violated, results become biased because the groups are not truly separate. Second, dependent variable must have about normal distribution in each group. Violating normality can inflate Type I or Type II error rates, especially with small samples. Third, the test assumes homogeneity of variance, meaning that the variability of the two groups is equal. If this assumption is violated, the accuracy of the t test decreases, though alternatives such as Welch’s t test may help address the issue (Warner, 2021).
Another important consideration is the interpretation of p values. It is not possible for a p value to equal zero. The p value is the probability of observing the data if the null hypothesis is true. Statistical software may display 0.000, but this simply indicates that the probability is extremely small, not truly zero (Warner, 2021).
Effect size indices are also essential in reporting results. Three common measures include Cohen’s d, eta squared (η²), and omega squared (ω²). Cohen’s d is often used when expressing mean differences in standard deviation units. Eta squared provides the percentage of the dependent variable's variance that can be attributed to group membership, while omega squared adjusts for sample size and offers a less biased estimate (Warner, 2021). Each index is useful depending on the research design and reporting goals.
A large eta squared value (η² = .64) paired with a small, nonsignificant t statistic can occur when sample sizes are very small or when variability within groups is high. The t value is influenced by three main factors: sample size, the magnitude of mean differences, and the amount of variability in the data (Warner, 2021). High variability or inadequate sample size can mask a strong effect, leading to nonsignificant findings despite a large effect size.
Reference
Warner, R. M. (2021). Applied statistics I: Basic bivariate techniques (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-1-5063-5280-0.
**## EssayComparingTwoIndependentGroupsAssignmentFinal.docx**
2
**Essay:** Comparing Two Independent Groups
**Assignment**
Abraham De La Cruz
Doctorate of Education- Community Care and Counseling-
Marriage and Family, Liberty University
EDCO735: Statistics
Prof. Dr. Frederick Volk
September 21, 2025
Comparing Two Independent Groups
Independent samples t-test is a widely used statistical technique used to investigate a difference in means between two groups. Several assumptions must be met for the test to be valid. First, the observations within each group must be independent. If this assumption is violated, results become biased because the groups are not truly separate. Second, dependent variable must have about normal distribution in each group. Violating normality can inflate Type I or Type II error rates, especially with small samples. Third, the test assumes homogeneity of variance, meaning that the variability of the two groups is equal. If this assumption is violated, the accuracy of the t test decreases, though alternatives such as Welch’s t test may help address the issue (Warner, 2021).
Another important consideration is the interpretation of p values. It is not possible for a p value to equal zero. The p value is the probability of observing the data if the null hypothesis is true. Statistical software may display 0.000, but this simply indicates that the probability is extremely small, not truly zero (Warner, 2021).
Effect size indices are also essential in reporting results. Three common measures include Cohen’s d, eta squared (η²), and omega squared (ω²). Cohen’s d is often used when expressing mean differences in standard deviation units. Eta squared provides the percentage of the dependent variable's variance that can be attributed to group membership, while omega squared adjusts for sample size and offers a less biased estimate (Warner, 2021). Each index is useful depending on the research design and reporting goals.
A large eta squared value (η² = .64) paired with a small, nonsignificant t statistic can occur when sample sizes are very small or when variability within groups is high. The t value is influenced by three main factors: sample size, the magnitude of mean differences, and the amount of variability in the data (Warner, 2021). High variability or inadequate sample size can mask a strong effect, leading to nonsignificant findings despite a large effect size.
Reference
Warner, R. M. (2021). Applied statistics I: Basic bivariate techniques (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-1-5063-5280-0.
**## Videos.docx**
[https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962521/pages/watch-independent-samples-t-test?module_item_id=91232246](https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962521/pages/watch-independent-samples-t-test?module_item_id=91232246)
**## EssayComparingTwoIndependentGroupsAssignmentPrompts.docx**
EDCO 735
**Essay: Comparing Two Independent Groups Assignment Prompts**
· There are several assumptions for the use of an independent samples t test. State each of these and the implications should these assumptions be violated. Is it possible for a p value to equal 0? Why or why not?
· There are several indices on effect sizes for independent samples t tests. Describe three of these and when one might be used over the others. Next, given a situation in which a research reports a large eta squared effect size (eta squared = .64), why might their reported t value be small and not statistically significant? What may be inference from such a situation? Indicate and provide examples of three of the factors that influence the size of t.
**## EssayComparingTwoIndependentGroupsAssignmentFinal.docx**
2
**Essay:** Comparing Two Independent Groups
**Assignment**
Abraham De La Cruz
Doctorate of Education- Community Care and Counseling-
Marriage and Family, Liberty University
EDCO735: Statistics
Prof. Dr. Frederick Volk
September 21, 2025
Comparing Two Independent Groups
Independent samples t-test is a widely used statistical technique used to investigate a difference in means between two groups. Several assumptions must be met for the test to be valid. First, the observations within each group must be independent. If this assumption is violated, results become biased because the groups are not truly separate. Second, dependent variable must have about normal distribution in each group. Violating normality can inflate Type I or Type II error rates, especially with small samples. Third, the test assumes homogeneity of variance, meaning that the variability of the two groups is equal. If this assumption is violated, the accuracy of the t test decreases, though alternatives such as Welch’s t test may help address the issue (Warner, 2021).
Another important consideration is the interpretation of p values. It is not possible for a p value to equal zero. The p value is the probability of observing the data if the null hypothesis is true. Statistical software may display 0.000, but this simply indicates that the probability is extremely small, not truly zero (Warner, 2021).
Effect size indices are also essential in reporting results. Three common measures include Cohen’s d, eta squared (η²), and omega squared (ω²). Cohen’s d is often used when expressing mean differences in standard deviation units. Eta squared provides the percentage of the dependent variable's variance that can be attributed to group membership, while omega squared adjusts for sample size and offers a less biased estimate (Warner, 2021). Each index is useful depending on the research design and reporting goals.
A large eta squared value (η² = .64) paired with a small, nonsignificant t statistic can occur when sample sizes are very small or when variability within groups is high. The t value is influenced by three main factors: sample size, the magnitude of mean differences, and the amount of variability in the data (Warner, 2021). High variability or inadequate sample size can mask a strong effect, leading to nonsignificant findings despite a large effect size.
Reference
Warner, R. M. (2021). Applied statistics I: Basic bivariate techniques (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-1-5063-5280-0.
**## Videos.docx**
[https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962521/pages/watch-independent-samples-t-test?module_item_id=91232246](https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962521/pages/watch-independent-samples-t-test?module_item_id=91232246)
**## EssayComparingTwoIndependentGroupsAssignmentPrompts.docx**
EDCO 735
**Essay: Comparing Two Independent Groups Assignment Prompts**
· There are several assumptions for the use of an independent samples t test. State each of these and the implications should these assumptions be violated. Is it possible for a p value to equal 0? Why or why not?
· There are several indices on effect sizes for independent samples t tests. Describe three of these and when one might be used over the others. Next, given a situation in which a research reports a large eta squared effect size (eta squared = .64), why might their reported t value be small and not statistically significant? What may be inference from such a situation? Indicate and provide examples of three of the factors that influence the size of t.
**## EssayComparingTwoIndependentGroupsAssignmentFinal.docx**
2
**Essay:** Comparing Two Independent Groups
**Assignment**
Abraham De La Cruz
Doctorate of Education- Community Care and Counseling-
Marriage and Family, Liberty University
EDCO735: Statistics
Prof. Dr. Frederick Volk
September 21, 2025
Comparing Two Independent Groups
Independent samples t-test is a widely used statistical technique used to investigate a difference in means between two groups. Several assumptions must be met for the test to be valid. First, the observations within each group must be independent. If this assumption is violated, results become biased because the groups are not truly separate. Second, dependent variable must have about normal distribution in each group. Violating normality can inflate Type I or Type II error rates, especially with small samples. Third, the test assumes homogeneity of variance, meaning that the variability of the two groups is equal. If this assumption is violated, the accuracy of the t test decreases, though alternatives such as Welch’s t test may help address the issue (Warner, 2021).
Another important consideration is the interpretation of p values. It is not possible for a p value to equal zero. The p value is the probability of observing the data if the null hypothesis is true. Statistical software may display 0.000, but this simply indicates that the probability is extremely small, not truly zero (Warner, 2021).
Effect size indices are also essential in reporting results. Three common measures include Cohen’s d, eta squared (η²), and omega squared (ω²). Cohen’s d is often used when expressing mean differences in standard deviation units. Eta squared provides the percentage of the dependent variable's variance that can be attributed to group membership, while omega squared adjusts for sample size and offers a less biased estimate (Warner, 2021). Each index is useful depending on the research design and reporting goals.
A large eta squared value (η² = .64) paired with a small, nonsignificant t statistic can occur when sample sizes are very small or when variability within groups is high. The t value is influenced by three main factors: sample size, the magnitude of mean differences, and the amount of variability in the data (Warner, 2021). High variability or inadequate sample size can mask a strong effect, leading to nonsignificant findings despite a large effect size.
Reference
Warner, R. M. (2021). Applied statistics I: Basic bivariate techniques (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-1-5063-5280-0.
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