Assignment Prompt & Instructions
[>Operations Management homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/business-finance-operations-management)
see attached
– 2 years ago
**files (2)**
– ## UnitVIII.docx
– ## UnitVIIIStudyGuide.pdf
**## UnitVIII.docx**
This journal measures your mastery of ULOs 5.3 and 5.4.
For this journal, you are to search for a code of ethics of a company found online using your favorite search engine. The following bulleted list includes companies whose codes of ethics are easily found online.
· Amazon
· Apple
· Facebook
· Target
· Walmart
After selecting the company and reviewing their code of ethics, answer the following questions.
1. What are some of the main points of the code of ethics?
2. What is particularly striking or what stands out about the code of ethics?
3. How does the code of ethics aim to protect the consumer?
4. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the code of ethics?
5. Could the code of ethics be improved upon; and if so, how?
Your response must be at least 400 words in length. Please include a reference for your selected company’s code of ethics.
**## UnitVIIIStudyGuide.pdf**
PHI 6301, Professional Ethics 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
5. Analyze ethical obligations related to consumer protection.
5.3 Explain some main points of a company’s code of ethics.
5.4 Explore how a company’s code of ethics may protect the consumer.
Required Unit Resources
Chapter 4: Corporate Culture, Governance, and Ethical Leadership
In order to access the following resources, click the links below.
Chun, R. (2019). How virtuous global firms say they are: A content analysis of ethical values. Business
Source Ultimate 155(1), 57–73.
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=bsu&AN=134918486&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Kaptein, M. (2011). Toward effective codes: Testing the relationship with unethical behavior. Business Source
Ultimate 99(2), 233-
251. https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx
?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=59292118&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Unit Lesson
Perhaps one of the most significant aspects of a company, organization, or business is the code of ethics it
adheres to for its day-to-day operations. In recent years, more companies have developed a code of ethics
that reflects their ethical principles. Companies believe that an effective code of ethics will provide a more
ethical approach for their workforce, leadership, and business practices. We will discuss how a code of ethics
became an important part of business, why it is so important, and whether it benefits the company in some
way.
Contemporary business ethics and practices did not emerge until the mid-1970s (DeGeorge, n.d.). Business
ethics was fostered and developed by the United States government. For example, after the United States
Foreign Corrupt Policies act passed in 1977, corporations began to implement some type of code of ethics. It
was not until several years later the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
began adopting similar legislation. Additional corporations adopted codes of conduct into their organizations
about this time as well (DeGeorge, n.d.).
During the mid to late 1980s, a second initiative was led by the United States government called the Defense
Industry Initiative (DII). The DII investigated contractors that demonstrated irregularities in their contracts.
During this time, the implementation of codes of conduct and the establishment of ethics training programs
generally began to emerge. The code of conduct and ethics training programs were implemented to monitor
improper conduct among employees and to detect whether codes of conduct were being followed or violated
(DeGeorge, n.d.).
During the early 1990s, a document emerged called the United States Federal Sentencing Guidelines for
corporations which additionally firmed up the financial initiatives for corporations to appoint ethics officers and
UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Corporate Culture, Consumer
Protection, and Codes of Ethics
[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=134918486&site=ehost-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=134918486&site=ehost-live&scope=site)
[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=59292118&site=ehost-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=59292118&site=ehost-live&scope=site)
PHI 6301, Professional Ethics 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
to promote ethics training programs. The programs implemented a code of ethics as part of the training and
began enforcing a code of conduct. Organizational leaders also became aware that such codes of conduct
were ultimately cost-effective. As a result, codes of conduct were no longer considered a doubtful value as
they had been in the past. One additional initiative to implement a code of ethics was the result of the
Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002. The initiative was enacted as the result of the Enron accounting crime and
similar scandals (DeGeorge, n.d.).
As a consequence of some initiatives and related legislative actions put forth by the U.S. government as
described above, corporations needed to confront their newfound tasks and to create new roles in their
organizations. This included ethics and compliance officers and related personnel, as well as new initiatives to
create codes of ethics in their respective organizations (DeGeorge, n.d.).
A question that should be asked is what roles and responsibilities a code of ethics might play in organizations.
One key role is to guide individual behaviors and actions. This could prevent some unethical behavior, not
only by managers and workers but the entire organization as well. Additionally, when a code of ethics has
been adopted and implemented by an organization, everyone in the organization can be clear about what
ethical conduct standards are expected; in short, everyone can avoid the wrong things and focus on the right
things.
What positive and negative outcomes can result from an organization’s code of ethics? Before we answer that
question, we should define what codes of ethics are. According to Stevens and Buechler (2013), codes of
ethics are a documental instrument designed to articulate and promote the values and principles of an
organization. Most effective codes will also do the following:
• Delineate what is acceptable conduct of employees,
• Outline what is appropriate while engaging in organizational activities.
• Define the responsibilities of the organization to all stakeholders.
Unfortunately, some companies have a code of ethics merely for the sake of outward appearance and
reputation but do not adhere to them. Other companies may take their code of ethics quite seriously trying to
integrate them into all aspects of organizational activities (Stevens & Buechler, 2013). Some companies
attempt to align the code of ethics with their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) documents which they
may promote to their respective customers and stockholders as well. To be effective, codes of ethics must be
culturally embedded into the organization. If they are not, codes of ethics may be perceived as separate
documents and may not be enacted upon, therefore not relating the purpose, values, objectives, or mission of
the organizational stakeholders (Stevens and Buechler, 2013).
Of course, weaknesses in any organizations code of ethics can surface or become apparent. Lehman
Brothers is just one example whereby a code of ethics did not prevent the organization from failing during the
2008 economic crisis which led to its bankruptcy. One study done by Stevens and Buechler (2013) revealed
several interesting facts regarding the culture of Lehman Brothers, some of which are the following:
• The code was nondescript and not unique to the organization.
• There were also little, if any, comments given in the code about how the organization could be helped
in times of crises and therefore how it might evolve in case of a serious emergency situation.
• Few details were given regarding the specific ethical culture or any unique ethical values that could
be upheld and implemented by the company and in which all stakeholders could participate.
• The code did not provide any strategic documentation regarding how the company might remain
viable in times of stress (Stevens & Buechler, 2013).
As a result of the points mentioned above, it is clear that Lehman Brothers’ ethical code fell far short in being
an effective and instructive instrument to help the company during a time of serious economic crisis.
The above is merely one study of the weaknesses that could exist in a code of ethics. An important takeaway
is that a strong code of ethics needs to be unique, and all features of the code should be expected to be
applied to the company culture. This is in contrast to merely possessing a code of ethics that is disconnected
from the company culture and does not adhere to the mission, objectives, and policies of the organization.
PHI 6301, Professional Ethics 3
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Another important question that should be raised is whether a corporate code of ethics could actually
influence the behavior of upper management, employees, and additional stakeholders. Although a study in
the Journal of Business Ethics had been completed in the late 1990s that attempted to determine if a code of
ethics could influence corporate behavior, little research has been published on the topic. According to
Margaret and Sherry (1998), most discussions on codes of ethics try to critique such codes based upon a
very narrow construct: content, wording, and overall value. What these authors found, however, was that
generally, corporate codes of ethics were not influential in swaying the behaviors of employees to a positive
effect (Margaret & Sherry, 1998). Of course, more research on this topic should be conducted in the future.
What we should remember is that a corporate code of ethics is not merely static or unchanging. It can evolve
and may improve over time. So, if the code of ethics a company currently has is not functioning properly, the
next step might be for the organization to determine what is working and what is not, and then try to improve
upon the existing code of ethics accordingly. There are numerous books, articles, and websites on codes of
ethics, and how they might be implemented into the culture of a given company to provide the best
performance for all stakeholders involved.
References
DeGeorge, R. T. (n.d.). A history of business ethics. https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/a-history-of-
business-ethics/
Freepik. (n.d.). Hand drawn business ethics (Illustration). https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/hand-drawn-
business-
ethics_11189389.htm#query=business%20philosophy&position=12&from_view=search&track=ais
Margaret, A. C., & Sherry, L. L. (1998). Can corporate codes of ethics influence behavior? Journal of
Business Ethics, 17(6), 619-
630. https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx
?direct=true&db=edsjsr&AN=edsjsr.25073109&site=eds-live&scope=site
Penn State University. A (brief) history of a codes of ethics. (n.d.). The Arthur W. Page Center.
https://www.pagecentertraining.psu.edu/public-relations-ethics/professional-codes-of-ethics/lesson-1-
some-title-goes-here/a-brief-history-of-codes-of-ethics/
Stevens, B., & Buechler, S. (2013). An analysis of the Lehman Brothers code of ethics and the role It played
in the firm. Journal of Leadership, Accountability & Ethics, 10(1), 43-
57. https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=bsu&AN=89880028&site=eds-live&scope=site
Suggested Unit Resources
In order to access the following resources, click the links below.
The article below offers a discussion of the impact of mission on ethical business culture.
Craft, J. L. (2018). Common thread: The impact of mission on ethical business culture. A case study. Journal
of Business Ethics 149(1), 127–145.
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=bsu&AN=129491971&site=ehost-live&scope=site
The following article is a study of the relations between ethical business culture, corporate ethical virtues,
burnout, and engagement.
[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=89880028&site=eds-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=89880028&site=eds-live&scope=site)
[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=89880028&site=eds-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=89880028&site=eds-live&scope=site)
[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=129491971&site=ehost-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=129491971&site=ehost-live&scope=site)
PHI 6301, Professional Ethics 4
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Huhtala, M., Tolvanen, A., Mauno, S., & Feldt, T. (2015). The associations between ethical organizational
culture, burnout, and engagement: A multilevel study. Business Source Ultimate 30(2), 399–414.
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=bsu&AN=102620706&site=ehost-live&scope=site
[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=102620706&site=ehost-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=102620706&site=ehost-live&scope=site)
[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=102620706&site=ehost-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=102620706&site=ehost-live&scope=site)
– Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
– Required Unit Resources
– Unit Lesson
– References
– Suggested Unit Resources
**## UnitVIIIStudyGuide.pdf**
PHI 6301, Professional Ethics 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
5. Analyze ethical obligations related to consumer protection.
5.3 Explain some main points of a company’s code of ethics.
5.4 Explore how a company’s code of ethics may protect the consumer.
Required Unit Resources
Chapter 4: Corporate Culture, Governance, and Ethical Leadership
In order to access the following resources, click the links below.
Chun, R. (2019). How virtuous global firms say they are: A content analysis of ethical values. Business
Source Ultimate 155(1), 57–73.
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=bsu&AN=134918486&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Kaptein, M. (2011). Toward effective codes: Testing the relationship with unethical behavior. Business Source
Ultimate 99(2), 233-
251. https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx
?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=59292118&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Unit Lesson
Perhaps one of the most significant aspects of a company, organization, or business is the code of ethics it
adheres to for its day-to-day operations. In recent years, more companies have developed a code of ethics
that reflects their ethical principles. Companies believe that an effective code of ethics will provide a more
ethical approach for their workforce, leadership, and business practices. We will discuss how a code of ethics
became an important part of business, why it is so important, and whether it benefits the company in some
way.
Contemporary business ethics and practices did not emerge until the mid-1970s (DeGeorge, n.d.). Business
ethics was fostered and developed by the United States government. For example, after the United States
Foreign Corrupt Policies act passed in 1977, corporations began to implement some type of code of ethics. It
was not until several years later the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
began adopting similar legislation. Additional corporations adopted codes of conduct into their organizations
about this time as well (DeGeorge, n.d.).
During the mid to late 1980s, a second initiative was led by the United States government called the Defense
Industry Initiative (DII). The DII investigated contractors that demonstrated irregularities in their contracts.
During this time, the implementation of codes of conduct and the establishment of ethics training programs
generally began to emerge. The code of conduct and ethics training programs were implemented to monitor
improper conduct among employees and to detect whether codes of conduct were being followed or violated
(DeGeorge, n.d.).
During the early 1990s, a document emerged called the United States Federal Sentencing Guidelines for
corporations which additionally firmed up the financial initiatives for corporations to appoint ethics officers and
UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Corporate Culture, Consumer
Protection, and Codes of Ethics
[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=134918486&site=ehost-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=134918486&site=ehost-live&scope=site)
[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=59292118&site=ehost-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=59292118&site=ehost-live&scope=site)
PHI 6301, Professional Ethics 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
to promote ethics training programs. The programs implemented a code of ethics as part of the training and
began enforcing a code of conduct. Organizational leaders also became aware that such codes of conduct
were ultimately cost-effective. As a result, codes of conduct were no longer considered a doubtful value as
they had been in the past. One additional initiative to implement a code of ethics was the result of the
Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002. The initiative was enacted as the result of the Enron accounting crime and
similar scandals (DeGeorge, n.d.).
As a consequence of some initiatives and related legislative actions put forth by the U.S. government as
described above, corporations needed to confront their newfound tasks and to create new roles in their
organizations. This included ethics and compliance officers and related personnel, as well as new initiatives to
create codes of ethics in their respective organizations (DeGeorge, n.d.).
A question that should be asked is what roles and responsibilities a code of ethics might play in organizations.
One key role is to guide individual behaviors and actions. This could prevent some unethical behavior, not
only by managers and workers but the entire organization as well. Additionally, when a code of ethics has
been adopted and implemented by an organization, everyone in the organization can be clear about what
ethical conduct standards are expected; in short, everyone can avoid the wrong things and focus on the right
things.
What positive and negative outcomes can result from an organization’s code of ethics? Before we answer that
question, we should define what codes of ethics are. According to Stevens and Buechler (2013), codes of
ethics are a documental instrument designed to articulate and promote the values and principles of an
organization. Most effective codes will also do the following:
• Delineate what is acceptable conduct of employees,
• Outline what is appropriate while engaging in organizational activities.
• Define the responsibilities of the organization to all stakeholders.
Unfortunately, some companies have a code of ethics merely for the sake of outward appearance and
reputation but do not adhere to them. Other companies may take their code of ethics quite seriously trying to
integrate them into all aspects of organizational activities (Stevens & Buechler, 2013). Some companies
attempt to align the code of ethics with their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) documents which they
may promote to their respective customers and stockholders as well. To be effective, codes of ethics must be
culturally embedded into the organization. If they are not, codes of ethics may be perceived as separate
documents and may not be enacted upon, therefore not relating the purpose, values, objectives, or mission of
the organizational stakeholders (Stevens and Buechler, 2013).
Of course, weaknesses in any organizations code of ethics can surface or become apparent. Lehman
Brothers is just one example whereby a code of ethics did not prevent the organization from failing during the
2008 economic crisis which led to its bankruptcy. One study done by Stevens and Buechler (2013) revealed
several interesting facts regarding the culture of Lehman Brothers, some of which are the following:
• The code was nondescript and not unique to the organization.
• There were also little, if any, comments given in the code about how the organization could be helped
in times of crises and therefore how it might evolve in case of a serious emergency situation.
• Few details were given regarding the specific ethical culture or any unique ethical values that could
be upheld and implemented by the company and in which all stakeholders could participate.
• The code did not provide any strategic documentation regarding how the company might remain
viable in times of stress (Stevens & Buechler, 2013).
As a result of the points mentioned above, it is clear that Lehman Brothers’ ethical code fell far short in being
an effective and instructive instrument to help the company during a time of serious economic crisis.
The above is merely one study of the weaknesses that could exist in a code of ethics. An important takeaway
is that a strong code of ethics needs to be unique, and all features of the code should be expected to be
applied to the company culture. This is in contrast to merely possessing a code of ethics that is disconnected
from the company culture and does not adhere to the mission, objectives, and policies of the organization.
PHI 6301, Professional Ethics 3
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Another important question that should be raised is whether a corporate code of ethics could actually
influence the behavior of upper management, employees, and additional stakeholders. Although a study in
the Journal of Business Ethics had been completed in the late 1990s that attempted to determine if a code of
ethics could influence corporate behavior, little research has been published on the topic. According to
Margaret and Sherry (1998), most discussions on codes of ethics try to critique such codes based upon a
very narrow construct: content, wording, and overall value. What these authors found, however, was that
generally, corporate codes of ethics were not influential in swaying the behaviors of employees to a positive
effect (Margaret & Sherry, 1998). Of course, more research on this topic should be conducted in the future.
What we should remember is that a corporate code of ethics is not merely static or unchanging. It can evolve
and may improve over time. So, if the code of ethics a company currently has is not functioning properly, the
next step might be for the organization to determine what is working and what is not, and then try to improve
upon the existing code of ethics accordingly. There are numerous books, articles, and websites on codes of
ethics, and how they might be implemented into the culture of a given company to provide the best
performance for all stakeholders involved.
References
DeGeorge, R. T. (n.d.). A history of business ethics. https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/a-history-of-
business-ethics/
Freepik. (n.d.). Hand drawn business ethics (Illustration). https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/hand-drawn-
business-
ethics_11189389.htm#query=business%20philosophy&position=12&from_view=search&track=ais
Margaret, A. C., & Sherry, L. L. (1998). Can corporate codes of ethics influence behavior? Journal of
Business Ethics, 17(6), 619-
630. https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx
?direct=true&db=edsjsr&AN=edsjsr.25073109&site=eds-live&scope=site
Penn State University. A (brief) history of a codes of ethics. (n.d.). The Arthur W. Page Center.
https://www.pagecentertraining.psu.edu/public-relations-ethics/professional-codes-of-ethics/lesson-1-
some-title-goes-here/a-brief-history-of-codes-of-ethics/
Stevens, B., & Buechler, S. (2013). An analysis of the Lehman Brothers code of ethics and the role It played
in the firm. Journal of Leadership, Accountability & Ethics, 10(1), 43-
57. https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=bsu&AN=89880028&site=eds-live&scope=site
Suggested Unit Resources
In order to access the following resources, click the links below.
The article below offers a discussion of the impact of mission on ethical business culture.
Craft, J. L. (2018). Common thread: The impact of mission on ethical business culture. A case study. Journal
of Business Ethics 149(1), 127–145.
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=bsu&AN=129491971&site=ehost-live&scope=site
The following article is a study of the relations between ethical business culture, corporate ethical virtues,
burnout, and engagement.
[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=89880028&site=eds-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=89880028&site=eds-live&scope=site)
[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=89880028&site=eds-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=89880028&site=eds-live&scope=site)
[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=129491971&site=ehost-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=129491971&site=ehost-live&scope=site)
PHI 6301, Professional Ethics 4
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Huhtala, M., Tolvanen, A., Mauno, S., & Feldt, T. (2015). The associations between ethical organizational
culture, burnout, and engagement: A multilevel study. Business Source Ultimate 30(2), 399–414.
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=bsu&AN=102620706&site=ehost-live&scope=site
[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=102620706&site=ehost-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=102620706&site=ehost-live&scope=site)
[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=102620706&site=ehost-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=102620706&site=ehost-live&scope=site)
– Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
– Required Unit Resources
– Unit Lesson
– References
– Suggested Unit Resources
**## UnitVIII.docx**
This journal measures your mastery of ULOs 5.3 and 5.4.
For this journal, you are to search for a code of ethics of a company found online using your favorite search engine. The following bulleted list includes companies whose codes of ethics are easily found online.
· Amazon
· Apple
· Facebook
· Target
· Walmart
After selecting the company and reviewing their code of ethics, answer the following questions.
1. What are some of the main points of the code of ethics?
2. What is particularly striking or what stands out about the code of ethics?
3. How does the code of ethics aim to protect the consumer?
4. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the code of ethics?
5. Could the code of ethics be improved upon; and if so, how?
Your response must be at least 400 words in length. Please include a reference for your selected company’s code of ethics.
**## UnitVIIIStudyGuide.pdf**
PHI 6301, Professional Ethics 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
5. Analyze ethical obligations related to consumer protection.
5.3 Explain some main points of a company’s code of ethics.
5.4 Explore how a company’s code of ethics may protect the consumer.
Required Unit Resources
Chapter 4: Corporate Culture, Governance, and Ethical Leadership
In order to access the following resources, click the links below.
Chun, R. (2019). How virtuous global firms say they are: A content analysis of ethical values. Business
Source Ultimate 155(1), 57–73.
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=bsu&AN=134918486&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Kaptein, M. (2011). Toward effective codes: Testing the relationship with unethical behavior. Business Source
Ultimate 99(2), 233-
251. https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx
?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=59292118&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Unit Lesson
Perhaps one of the most significant aspects of a company, organization, or business is the code of ethics it
adheres to for its day-to-day operations. In recent years, more companies have developed a code of ethics
that reflects their ethical principles. Companies believe that an effective code of ethics will provide a more
ethical approach for their workforce, leadership, and business practices. We will discuss how a code of ethics
became an important part of business, why it is so important, and whether it benefits the company in some
way.
Contemporary business ethics and practices did not emerge until the mid-1970s (DeGeorge, n.d.). Business
ethics was fostered and developed by the United States government. For example, after the United States
Foreign Corrupt Policies act passed in 1977, corporations began to implement some type of code of ethics. It
was not until several years later the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
began adopting similar legislation. Additional corporations adopted codes of conduct into their organizations
about this time as well (DeGeorge, n.d.).
During the mid to late 1980s, a second initiative was led by the United States government called the Defense
Industry Initiative (DII). The DII investigated contractors that demonstrated irregularities in their contracts.
During this time, the implementation of codes of conduct and the establishment of ethics training programs
generally began to emerge. The code of conduct and ethics training programs were implemented to monitor
improper conduct among employees and to detect whether codes of conduct were being followed or violated
(DeGeorge, n.d.).
During the early 1990s, a document emerged called the United States Federal Sentencing Guidelines for
corporations which additionally firmed up the financial initiatives for corporations to appoint ethics officers and
UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Corporate Culture, Consumer
Protection, and Codes of Ethics
[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=134918486&site=ehost-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=134918486&site=ehost-live&scope=site)
[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=59292118&site=ehost-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=59292118&site=ehost-live&scope=site)
PHI 6301, Professional Ethics 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
to promote ethics training programs. The programs implemented a code of ethics as part of the training and
began enforcing a code of conduct. Organizational leaders also became aware that such codes of conduct
were ultimately cost-effective. As a result, codes of conduct were no longer considered a doubtful value as
they had been in the past. One additional initiative to implement a code of ethics was the result of the
Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002. The initiative was enacted as the result of the Enron accounting crime and
similar scandals (DeGeorge, n.d.).
As a consequence of some initiatives and related legislative actions put forth by the U.S. government as
described above, corporations needed to confront their newfound tasks and to create new roles in their
organizations. This included ethics and compliance officers and related personnel, as well as new initiatives to
create codes of ethics in their respective organizations (DeGeorge, n.d.).
A question that should be asked is what roles and responsibilities a code of ethics might play in organizations.
One key role is to guide individual behaviors and actions. This could prevent some unethical behavior, not
only by managers and workers but the entire organization as well. Additionally, when a code of ethics has
been adopted and implemented by an organization, everyone in the organization can be clear about what
ethical conduct standards are expected; in short, everyone can avoid the wrong things and focus on the right
things.
What positive and negative outcomes can result from an organization’s code of ethics? Before we answer that
question, we should define what codes of ethics are. According to Stevens and Buechler (2013), codes of
ethics are a documental instrument designed to articulate and promote the values and principles of an
organization. Most effective codes will also do the following:
• Delineate what is acceptable conduct of employees,
• Outline what is appropriate while engaging in organizational activities.
• Define the responsibilities of the organization to all stakeholders.
Unfortunately, some companies have a code of ethics merely for the sake of outward appearance and
reputation but do not adhere to them. Other companies may take their code of ethics quite seriously trying to
integrate them into all aspects of organizational activities (Stevens & Buechler, 2013). Some companies
attempt to align the code of ethics with their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) documents which they
may promote to their respective customers and stockholders as well. To be effective, codes of ethics must be
culturally embedded into the organization. If they are not, codes of ethics may be perceived as separate
documents and may not be enacted upon, therefore not relating the purpose, values, objectives, or mission of
the organizational stakeholders (Stevens and Buechler, 2013).
Of course, weaknesses in any organizations code of ethics can surface or become apparent. Lehman
Brothers is just one example whereby a code of ethics did not prevent the organization from failing during the
2008 economic crisis which led to its bankruptcy. One study done by Stevens and Buechler (2013) revealed
several interesting facts regarding the culture of Lehman Brothers, some of which are the following:
• The code was nondescript and not unique to the organization.
• There were also little, if any, comments given in the code about how the organization could be helped
in times of crises and therefore how it might evolve in case of a serious emergency situation.
• Few details were given regarding the specific ethical culture or any unique ethical values that could
be upheld and implemented by the company and in which all stakeholders could participate.
• The code did not provide any strategic documentation regarding how the company might remain
viable in times of stress (Stevens & Buechler, 2013).
As a result of the points mentioned above, it is clear that Lehman Brothers’ ethical code fell far short in being
an effective and instructive instrument to help the company during a time of serious economic crisis.
The above is merely one study of the weaknesses that could exist in a code of ethics. An important takeaway
is that a strong code of ethics needs to be unique, and all features of the code should be expected to be
applied to the company culture. This is in contrast to merely possessing a code of ethics that is disconnected
from the company culture and does not adhere to the mission, objectives, and policies of the organization.
PHI 6301, Professional Ethics 3
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Another important question that should be raised is whether a corporate code of ethics could actually
influence the behavior of upper management, employees, and additional stakeholders. Although a study in
the Journal of Business Ethics had been completed in the late 1990s that attempted to determine if a code of
ethics could influence corporate behavior, little research has been published on the topic. According to
Margaret and Sherry (1998), most discussions on codes of ethics try to critique such codes based upon a
very narrow construct: content, wording, and overall value. What these authors found, however, was that
generally, corporate codes of ethics were not influential in swaying the behaviors of employees to a positive
effect (Margaret & Sherry, 1998). Of course, more research on this topic should be conducted in the future.
What we should remember is that a corporate code of ethics is not merely static or unchanging. It can evolve
and may improve over time. So, if the code of ethics a company currently has is not functioning properly, the
next step might be for the organization to determine what is working and what is not, and then try to improve
upon the existing code of ethics accordingly. There are numerous books, articles, and websites on codes of
ethics, and how they might be implemented into the culture of a given company to provide the best
performance for all stakeholders involved.
References
DeGeorge, R. T. (n.d.). A history of business ethics. https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/a-history-of-
business-ethics/
Freepik. (n.d.). Hand drawn business ethics (Illustration). https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/hand-drawn-
business-
ethics_11189389.htm#query=business%20philosophy&position=12&from_view=search&track=ais
Margaret, A. C., & Sherry, L. L. (1998). Can corporate codes of ethics influence behavior? Journal of
Business Ethics, 17(6), 619-
630. https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx
?direct=true&db=edsjsr&AN=edsjsr.25073109&site=eds-live&scope=site
Penn State University. A (brief) history of a codes of ethics. (n.d.). The Arthur W. Page Center.
https://www.pagecentertraining.psu.edu/public-relations-ethics/professional-codes-of-ethics/lesson-1-
some-title-goes-here/a-brief-history-of-codes-of-ethics/
Stevens, B., & Buechler, S. (2013). An analysis of the Lehman Brothers code of ethics and the role It played
in the firm. Journal of Leadership, Accountability & Ethics, 10(1), 43-
57. https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=bsu&AN=89880028&site=eds-live&scope=site
Suggested Unit Resources
In order to access the following resources, click the links below.
The article below offers a discussion of the impact of mission on ethical business culture.
Craft, J. L. (2018). Common thread: The impact of mission on ethical business culture. A case study. Journal
of Business Ethics 149(1), 127–145.
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=bsu&AN=129491971&site=ehost-live&scope=site
The following article is a study of the relations between ethical business culture, corporate ethical virtues,
burnout, and engagement.
[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=89880028&site=eds-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=89880028&site=eds-live&scope=site)
[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=89880028&site=eds-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=89880028&site=eds-live&scope=site)
[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=129491971&site=ehost-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=129491971&site=ehost-live&scope=site)
PHI 6301, Professional Ethics 4
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Huhtala, M., Tolvanen, A., Mauno, S., & Feldt, T. (2015). The associations between ethical organizational
culture, burnout, and engagement: A multilevel study. Business Source Ultimate 30(2), 399–414.
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=bsu&AN=102620706&site=ehost-live&scope=site
[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=102620706&site=ehost-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=102620706&site=ehost-live&scope=site)
[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=102620706&site=ehost-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=102620706&site=ehost-live&scope=site)
– Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
– Required Unit Resources
– Unit Lesson
– References
– Suggested Unit Resources
**## UnitVIII.docx**
This journal measures your mastery of ULOs 5.3 and 5.4.
For this journal, you are to search for a code of ethics of a company found online using your favorite search engine. The following bulleted list includes companies whose codes of ethics are easily found online.
· Amazon
· Apple
· Facebook
· Target
· Walmart
After selecting the company and reviewing their code of ethics, answer the following questions.
1. What are some of the main points of the code of ethics?
2. What is particularly striking or what stands out about the code of ethics?
3. How does the code of ethics aim to protect the consumer?
4. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the code of ethics?
5. Could the code of ethics be improved upon; and if so, how?
Your response must be at least 400 words in length. Please include a reference for your selected company’s code of ethics.
**## UnitVIIIStudyGuide.pdf**
PHI 6301, Professional Ethics 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
5. Analyze ethical obligations related to consumer protection.
5.3 Explain some main points of a company’s code of ethics.
5.4 Explore how a company’s code of ethics may protect the consumer.
Required Unit Resources
Chapter 4: Corporate Culture, Governance, and Ethical Leadership
In order to access the following resources, click the links below.
Chun, R. (2019). How virtuous global firms say they are: A content analysis of ethical values. Business
Source Ultimate 155(1), 57–73.
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=bsu&AN=134918486&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Kaptein, M. (2011). Toward effective codes: Testing the relationship with unethical behavior. Business Source
Ultimate 99(2), 233-
251. https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx
?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=59292118&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Unit Lesson
Perhaps one of the most significant aspects of a company, organization, or business is the code of ethics it
adheres to for its day-to-day operations. In recent years, more companies have developed a code of ethics
that reflects their ethical principles. Companies believe that an effective code of ethics will provide a more
ethical approach for their workforce, leadership, and business practices. We will discuss how a code of ethics
became an important part of business, why it is so important, and whether it benefits the company in some
way.
Contemporary business ethics and practices did not emerge until the mid-1970s (DeGeorge, n.d.). Business
ethics was fostered and developed by the United States government. For example, after the United States
Foreign Corrupt Policies act passed in 1977, corporations began to implement some type of code of ethics. It
was not until several years later the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
began adopting similar legislation. Additional corporations adopted codes of conduct into their organizations
about this time as well (DeGeorge, n.d.).
During the mid to late 1980s, a second initiative was led by the United States government called the Defense
Industry Initiative (DII). The DII investigated contractors that demonstrated irregularities in their contracts.
During this time, the implementation of codes of conduct and the establishment of ethics training programs
generally began to emerge. The code of conduct and ethics training programs were implemented to monitor
improper conduct among employees and to detect whether codes of conduct were being followed or violated
(DeGeorge, n.d.).
During the early 1990s, a document emerged called the United States Federal Sentencing Guidelines for
corporations which additionally firmed up the financial initiatives for corporations to appoint ethics officers and
UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Corporate Culture, Consumer
Protection, and Codes of Ethics
[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=134918486&site=ehost-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=134918486&site=ehost-live&scope=site)
[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=59292118&site=ehost-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=59292118&site=ehost-live&scope=site)
PHI 6301, Professional Ethics 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
to promote ethics training programs. The programs implemented a code of ethics as part of the training and
began enforcing a code of conduct. Organizational leaders also became aware that such codes of conduct
were ultimately cost-effective. As a result, codes of conduct were no longer considered a doubtful value as
they had been in the past. One additional initiative to implement a code of ethics was the result of the
Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002. The initiative was enacted as the result of the Enron accounting crime and
similar scandals (DeGeorge, n.d.).
As a consequence of some initiatives and related legislative actions put forth by the U.S. government as
described above, corporations needed to confront their newfound tasks and to create new roles in their
organizations. This included ethics and compliance officers and related personnel, as well as new initiatives to
create codes of ethics in their respective organizations (DeGeorge, n.d.).
A question that should be asked is what roles and responsibilities a code of ethics might play in organizations.
One key role is to guide individual behaviors and actions. This could prevent some unethical behavior, not
only by managers and workers but the entire organization as well. Additionally, when a code of ethics has
been adopted and implemented by an organization, everyone in the organization can be clear about what
ethical conduct standards are expected; in short, everyone can avoid the wrong things and focus on the right
things.
What positive and negative outcomes can result from an organization’s code of ethics? Before we answer that
question, we should define what codes of ethics are. According to Stevens and Buechler (2013), codes of
ethics are a documental instrument designed to articulate and promote the values and principles of an
organization. Most effective codes will also do the following:
• Delineate what is acceptable conduct of employees,
• Outline what is appropriate while engaging in organizational activities.
• Define the responsibilities of the organization to all stakeholders.
Unfortunately, some companies have a code of ethics merely for the sake of outward appearance and
reputation but do not adhere to them. Other companies may take their code of ethics quite seriously trying to
integrate them into all aspects of organizational activities (Stevens & Buechler, 2013). Some companies
attempt to align the code of ethics with their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) documents which they
may promote to their respective customers and stockholders as well. To be effective, codes of ethics must be
culturally embedded into the organization. If they are not, codes of ethics may be perceived as separate
documents and may not be enacted upon, therefore not relating the purpose, values, objectives, or mission of
the organizational stakeholders (Stevens and Buechler, 2013).
Of course, weaknesses in any organizations code of ethics can surface or become apparent. Lehman
Brothers is just one example whereby a code of ethics did not prevent the organization from failing during the
2008 economic crisis which led to its bankruptcy. One study done by Stevens and Buechler (2013) revealed
several interesting facts regarding the culture of Lehman Brothers, some of which are the following:
• The code was nondescript and not unique to the organization.
• There were also little, if any, comments given in the code about how the organization could be helped
in times of crises and therefore how it might evolve in case of a serious emergency situation.
• Few details were given regarding the specific ethical culture or any unique ethical values that could
be upheld and implemented by the company and in which all stakeholders could participate.
• The code did not provide any strategic documentation regarding how the company might remain
viable in times of stress (Stevens & Buechler, 2013).
As a result of the points mentioned above, it is clear that Lehman Brothers’ ethical code fell far short in being
an effective and instructive instrument to help the company during a time of serious economic crisis.
The above is merely one study of the weaknesses that could exist in a code of ethics. An important takeaway
is that a strong code of ethics needs to be unique, and all features of the code should be expected to be
applied to the company culture. This is in contrast to merely possessing a code of ethics that is disconnected
from the company culture and does not adhere to the mission, objectives, and policies of the organization.
PHI 6301, Professional Ethics 3
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Another important question that should be raised is whether a corporate code of ethics could actually
influence the behavior of upper management, employees, and additional stakeholders. Although a study in
the Journal of Business Ethics had been completed in the late 1990s that attempted to determine if a code of
ethics could influence corporate behavior, little research has been published on the topic. According to
Margaret and Sherry (1998), most discussions on codes of ethics try to critique such codes based upon a
very narrow construct: content, wording, and overall value. What these authors found, however, was that
generally, corporate codes of ethics were not influential in swaying the behaviors of employees to a positive
effect (Margaret & Sherry, 1998). Of course, more research on this topic should be conducted in the future.
What we should remember is that a corporate code of ethics is not merely static or unchanging. It can evolve
and may improve over time. So, if the code of ethics a company currently has is not functioning properly, the
next step might be for the organization to determine what is working and what is not, and then try to improve
upon the existing code of ethics accordingly. There are numerous books, articles, and websites on codes of
ethics, and how they might be implemented into the culture of a given company to provide the best
performance for all stakeholders involved.
References
DeGeorge, R. T. (n.d.). A history of business ethics. https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/a-history-of-
business-ethics/
Freepik. (n.d.). Hand drawn business ethics (Illustration). https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/hand-drawn-
business-
ethics_11189389.htm#query=business%20philosophy&position=12&from_view=search&track=ais
Margaret, A. C., & Sherry, L. L. (1998). Can corporate codes of ethics influence behavior? Journal of
Business Ethics, 17(6), 619-
630. https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx
?direct=true&db=edsjsr&AN=edsjsr.25073109&site=eds-live&scope=site
Penn State University. A (brief) history of a codes of ethics. (n.d.). The Arthur W. Page Center.
https://www.pagecentertraining.psu.edu/public-relations-ethics/professional-codes-of-ethics/lesson-1-
some-title-goes-here/a-brief-history-of-codes-of-ethics/
Stevens, B., & Buechler, S. (2013). An analysis of the Lehman Brothers code of ethics and the role It played
in the firm. Journal of Leadership, Accountability & Ethics, 10(1), 43-
57. https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=bsu&AN=89880028&site=eds-live&scope=site
Suggested Unit Resources
In order to access the following resources, click the links below.
The article below offers a discussion of the impact of mission on ethical business culture.
Craft, J. L. (2018). Common thread: The impact of mission on ethical business culture. A case study. Journal
of Business Ethics 149(1), 127–145.
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=bsu&AN=129491971&site=ehost-live&scope=site
The following article is a study of the relations between ethical business culture, corporate ethical virtues,
burnout, and engagement.
[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=89880028&site=eds-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=89880028&site=eds-live&scope=site)
[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=89880028&site=eds-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=89880028&site=eds-live&scope=site)
[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=129491971&site=ehost-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=129491971&site=ehost-live&scope=site)
PHI 6301, Professional Ethics 4
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Huhtala, M., Tolvanen, A., Mauno, S., & Feldt, T. (2015). The associations between ethical organizational
culture, burnout, and engagement: A multilevel study. Business Source Ultimate 30(2), 399–414.
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=bsu&AN=102620706&site=ehost-live&scope=site
[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=102620706&site=ehost-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=102620706&site=ehost-live&scope=site)
[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=102620706&site=ehost-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=102620706&site=ehost-live&scope=site)
– Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
– Required Unit Resources
– Unit Lesson
– References
– Suggested Unit Resources